In 1926, on this day the 42nd Vice President of the United States Richard Schultz Schweiker was born in Norristown, Pennsylvania to Malcolm Alderfer and Blanche (née Schultz) Schweiker. Article from the Reagan wins in 1976 thread.

Birth of Vice President SchweikerHe served as Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania's 13th district before his election as United States Senator from Pennsylvania. But he came to national prominence for his service on the the "Church Committee" that looked into to the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. In an interview on Face the Nation, he claimed the original investigation "was snuffed out before it even began" and that "the fatal mistake the Warren Commission made was to not use its own investigators, but instead to rely on the CIA and FBI personnel, which played directly into the hands of senior intelligence officials who directed the cover-up".

In 1976, Ronald Reagan made a serious challenge against President Gerald Ford for the Republican Party nomination for President of the United States. Immediately before the opening of the Republican National Convention, Reagan promised to name Schweiker-who had a moderate-to-liberal voting record in the Senate-as his candidate for Vice President to balance the ticket. This was regarded as a somewhat unusual move as Reagan had not yet won the nomination. In response, U.S. Senator Jesse Helms of North Carolina encouraged a movement to draft Conservative U.S. Senator James L. Buckley of New York as the G.O.P. nominee.

But Reagan won the nomination on the first ballot by a razor-thin margin, becoming the first person to do take the nomination from an incumbent president since James Buchanan in 1856. And the Vice-Presidential nomination went to Schweiker, raising the possibility of further developments into the investigation of the Kennedy assassination...

In 1855, on this day Filibusterer William Walker, at the recommendation of his associate, professional confidence man Parker H. French, determined to turn on his supporters and go for the "bigger con" by enticing millionaire shipping magnate Cornelius Vanderbilt into supporting an American presence in Nicaragua.

William Walker Switches FundersWalker was born in Nashville, Tennessee, in 1824. He graduated from the University of Tennessee at fourteen, spent his teenage years traveling in Europe and studying medicine, and completed his medical degree from the University of Pennsylvania at nineteen. He turned to law, practicing in Louisiana for a time before moving on to journalism and heading to California. There, he began his dream of "filibustering", creating new colonies for the United States out of the Latin American countries, as had been seen with Texas a generation before. Walker's first attempt was the Republic of Sonora, conquered from the western part of Mexico in 1853, but he was soon chased out by the Mexican Army. Back in California, he was arrested for breaking the Neutrality Act of 1794 (designed to halt privateering against France) but was acquitted and hailed as a conquering hero.

Meanwhile, war had broken out in Nicaragua. The ruling Legitimists held conservatively to power even though the more democratic Liberals had made great leaps in popularity. The Liberal president, Francisco Castellón, invited Walker to march on the Legitimists with their capital at Granada. Walker was careful not to break laws this time, signing a contract as a "colonist" and not acting through American power, which he confirmed through notification to the Federal attorney's office in San Francisco. Walker and a band of fifty-eight calling themselves the "American Phalanx" sailed from San Francisco through stormy weather, landing at Realejo, Nicaragua, where he was reinforced by hundreds more volunteers, many local and others foreigners who wished for adventure.

To fund the expedition, Walker had been given 20,000 dollars by Charles Morgan and Cornelius Garrison of the Accessory Transit Company, which they had bought out from under legendary businessman Cornelius Vanderbilt while he vacationed in Europe with his family. Vanderbilt's company had made tremendous amounts of money by controlling the key trade route to California during the Gold Rush by winning an overland contract with the Nicaraguan government. In exchange for this money, Walker would find a technicality to tear up the old contract and deliver a new contract to a new company owned by Morgan and Garrison. When Vanderbilt had heard of Morgan and Garrison's manipulations of stock and company rule, he sent them a telegram in 1853 reading, "Gentlemen: You have undertaken to cheat me. I won't sue you, for the law is too slow. I'll ruin you. Yours truly, Cornelius Vanderbilt".

Vanderbilt had crushed enemies before and was currently running the Collins Line shipping business into bankruptcy despite government subsidies. Walker had been put into contact with Garrison through close friend Edmund Randolph, but French suggested he side with the businessman with deeper pockets. Upon seizing the Legitimist capital on October 13, Walker sent a telegram to Vanderbilt volunteering a charter for a Nicaraguan Canal, a project Vanderbilt had dreamed of for years since George Law had already achieved a stagecoach route across Panama. Vanderbilt, who had been planning to demolish American government support for Walker through his influence, instead showed his support to President Franklin Pierce.

Walker, meanwhile, had made significant enemies in Central America. His diplomatic gestures to the surrounding countries had been successfully construed as preludes to further conquest. President Juan Rafael Mora of Costa Rica declared war upon Walker and called up allies among Honduras, El Salvador, Guatemala, and disenfranchised conservative Nicaraguans. Walker dispatched a preemptive invasion of Costa Rica, but was rebuffed and faced counter-invasion. The Allied Armies of Central America marched on Nicaragua, looking to end Vanderbilt's hopes of a canal. The businessman refused to be defeated and funded mercenaries while Walker invited reinforcements from across the American South. Despite a cholera outbreak, Walker's soldiers managed to hold Granada under siege until it was relieved and the 4,000-strong Allied army broken.

The war gave excellent pretense for further expansion, allowing Walker to march legally on each Costa Rica, then El Salvador, and finally Honduras. British Honduras (present-day Belize) was Walker's next thought of conquest, but Vanderbilt refused to fund such an expedition as it would spark war with Britain, who was already suspicious of such American activities in Central America after the 1850 Clayton-Bulwer Treaty forbade expansion there. Instead, Walker returned to his presidency in Granada and spearheaded Vanderbilt's Canal, making extensive use of prisoner labor. Walker died in 1874 after chronic bouts with malaria.

Upon the failure of the South to secede in the American Civil War, many wealthy Southerners fled to Walker's Great Granada, although Vanderbilt had encouraged Walker to maintain abolition when he suggested repealing it in 1856 and neutrality in the war, which proved the most money-making beyond the Union blockade. Vanderbilt became fixated with his canal, and routine visits to the harsh climate in the construction zone led to his death in 1867, one year before his wife. In the latter nineteenth century, renewed imperialism would make Granada American territory, along with Cuba, San Juan, and numerous Pacific islands. Armed revolutions plagued the region and drained American military resources until decolonization followed World War II.

In 1911, on the Harvard University baseball pitch twenty-two year old undergraduate Joseph P. Kennedy (pictured) was taught a humiliating but necessary lesson in the rules of responsibility, fidelity and honesty that framed the public service duties of the Kennedy family throughout the twentieth century.

Joe Kennedy denied his "H"He had failed to even get himself picked to ride the bench for a single game during his senior year. And so he was forced to resort to cheating in order to gain his coveted letter in varsity baseball.

He begged his father Pat Kennedy to forcefully exert his influential position as an East Boston boss. Wardheelers paid a visit to his son's sworn enemy, the pitcher and captain of the team Charles B. "Chick" McLaughlin. Chick planned to open a movie theatre after graduation, but he was advised that he would only be granted a city license if he put Joe into the team for the final game against Yale.

In the ninth inning, and with the home team leading "Navy" four to one, he suddenly asked his coach to put Kennedy in for the final play. But the coach insisted on observing the tradition which dictated that McLaughlin as captain should get the winning ball. It was a seminal lesson in sportsmanship that in a democracy of talent, some things just cannot be bought at any price.

In 1950, communist plans to re-unite the Koreas by force of arms collapsed after the sudden death of Joseph Stalin and the eternal president Kim Il-sung (pictured) was forced to stand down his fully mobilized army even though the troops were poised for invasion on the 38th paralell.

No Stalin
by Ed & Stan BrinIn Stalin's private view, war on the Korean Peninsula served the narrower interests of the Soviet Union rather than the whole Comintern. Because US involvement would withdraw troops from the European theatre, and on the flipside non-involvement would strike would boost Soviet prestige.

Yet Mao Zedong was rightly concerned about the possibility of a US-garrisoned client state on the Chinese border, prefering to remove Chiang Kai-shek from Taiwan before making a move across the 38th paralell.

Unaware that a final opportunity to confront the "asiatic hordes" had passed him by, Douglas MacArthur saw out his final posting as Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers (SCAP) in Japan before retiring in 1953.

Truman was narrowly re-elected in 1952, but during his second full-term he faced a new threat to the asian defence perimeter. Accused of "losing China" and "allowing" Soviet spies to steal atomic secrets he adopted the hardest possible stand on the communist insurgency in Indo-China.

In 2012, in the Q&A session that followed a campaign speech in Texas promoting greater self-government for the States, Louisiana Governor Bobby Jindal wisely refused to comment on the recent appearance of Davy Crockett on the $100 dollar bill.

Dreams of Self-GovernmentFor the February 2011 issue, Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner and Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke had selected the Whig President, rather than the earlier and badly received design which included a monstrously sized image of Benjamin Franklin and the Liberty Bell. The decision marked the full rehabilitation of Crockett's reputation since the low point of the nineteen-sixties when budding history scholars such as Jeff Long likened the defenders of the Alamo to the Nazis labelling them "ignorant trigger-pulling white trash".

Of course Jindal was attempting to dodge the delicate patriot issues which had featured in John McCain and Barack Obama's 2000 and 2008 campaigns. McCain of course had come a cropper in the South Carolina Primary by making an unguarded remark about the Confederate Flag. And Michelle Obama had spoken of how her husbands' campaign had made her feel proud of the country for the first time.

Instead of getting drawn on the patriot issue, Jindal promised a new focus on the Constitution encouraged by the Tea-Partiers, accompanied with a return to the Reagonomics of the late nineteen seventies. Because during his successful run for the White House in 1976, Ronald Reagan promised to return $90 billion in welfare expenditures and programs to the states. And in his 1980 re-election the Gipper warned that the federal government showed signs of having grown beyond the consent of the governed. Jindal had aligned his own programme to this initiative by refusing to take all of the Louisiana allocation of the 2008/2009 bail-out funds arguing instead that they would create a huge deficit and unnecessary taxes.

In 1941, with the Fall of the Greek Island of Crete, German mastery of the continent of Europe was complete. And equally significantly, Hitler's focus had shifted from East to South. Military planners now confronted the daunting task of invading Vichy Syria. Weakly garrisoned by only thirty-eight thousand French soldiers without modern equipment of air cover, the real challenge would prove to be assembling sufficient landing craft for transporting the Axis forces.

The Final Solution arrives in PalestineAccording to the original military schedule conceived throughout the spring, Operation Barbarossa was due to launch just three weeks later, on June 22nd. But instead, due to Mussolini's military fiascoes, considerable German forces had been committed to Southern Europe and Northern Africa to resue the Italians from certain defeat.

And at some point during Operation Marita, Hitler had decided against a full frontal attack on the Soviet Union, now favouring a pincer movement after a drive through the Middle East. With Arab Oil reserves in German hands the Wehrmacht would be threatening the Soviet Union's southern flank.

"A free hand to eradicate every last Jew from Palestine and the Arab world" ~ Grand MuftiSoon enough, Molotov would hurry back to Berlin with an urgent request to join the Tripartite Pact. And quietly dropped were the demands from the previous November which has so outraged Hitler that he had ordered Ribbentrop to make no reply. Because Stalin had decided to drop the pretense that the Soviet Union was the military equal of Nazi Germany.

Also in Berlin was the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, Mohammad Amin al-Husayni who had succeeded in convincing Hitler (pictured) that the Zionist Conspiracy was of more immediate threat to the Aryan Future than the Communist Doctrine. And whilst Hitler hated both in equal measure, he had quite suddenly grasped a new linkage. Accordingly, Hitler issued Adolf Eichmann with orders to dispatch an advanced group of Einsatz Commandoes to Greece. Because the Fuhrer had realised that for the Final Solution to be Final, Nazi Germany would have to expunge Jewish Civilization from the Holy Land. Jerusalem, and then on to Moscow.

In 1980, faced with a mounting drumbeat of calls that he suspend his re-election campaign, President Rockefeller delivers a nationally-televised address.The Rockefeller Bombshell by Eric Lipps
"My fellow Americans," he informs viewers, "in recent weeks there have been calls for me to withdraw from the presidential race, due to issues regarding to my health.

I had been reluctant to heed such calls, many of which came from supporters of my opponent in the Republican Party primaries, Gov. Ronald Reagan. However, I considered it my duty to consult with my physicians to seek their opinion as to my wisest course of action.

I must now state with regret that based on those discussions, I have decided that I will no longer be a candidate for re-election to the office I am proud to hold. Although my doctors tell me that barring any unforeseen developments I should be able to serve the remainder of my present term, they warn that the cardiac condition for which I have been undergoing treatment is likely to worsen over time. In my opinion, this presents an unacceptable risk to this nation in years to come.

I therefore announce that effective this evening, I am suspending my presidential campaign. I wish to thank all those who have supported me up until now, and to express my hope that they will support in my place the Vice-President, Paul Laxalt. I am confident that if nominated and elected, he will serve this nation as capably in the White House as he has done in other positions. "

Rockefeller's address is a bombshell. Many people are shocked that he has chosen to bow out; many more are amazed that in doing so he has explicitly endorsed the much more conservative Laxalt. There will be speculations that such an endorsement had been extorted from him as a condition of Laxalt's endorsing his letter stating his readiness to return to office under the reinstatement provisions of the Twenty-fifth Amendment. The truth, however, is less sinister: after four years of serving with him, Rockefeller has grown personally comfortable with Laxalt despite their political differences, while he dislikes Reagan.

In 70,896 BG (Before G'Khresh), the last native hominid on the planet Sol III died.Extinction Event by Eric LippsThe species had spread across its much of its native planet before its population was reduced below sustainable levels apparently by climatic changes which included severe drought. Also brought to extinction, apparently several thousand years earlier, was a related species distinguished by heavier musculature and bone structure, including prominent eyebrow ridges. Both types appear to have had only primitive technology, including fire and crude stone tools. When explorers from the Empire arrived thirty years ago, the most intelligent creatures on the planet were oceangoing mammals whose environment and lack of hands precluded their development of technology.

	In 1941, on this day Soviet bombers raided Leipzig in the first of three consecutive days of air strikes on the historic Sazon city. That same day Red Army infantry troops entered Stettin proper after three days' heavy fighting on the outskirts of the city.

In 1984, Yuri Andropov died of complications from the stroke he had suffered twelve days earlier. His passing would touch off a political crisis which rocked the Soviet Union to its core and fatally undermined the Red Army's ability to prosecute the war with the United States and China.
	Yuri Andropov

	On this day in 1940, German resistance at Maaseik collapsed.

On this day in 1968, Soviet premier Leonid Brezhnev made a televised address defending the Kremlin's decision to use nuclear weapons on Birmingham.	Soviet Premier
	Leonid Brezhnev

Fighter Ace	On this day in 1967, anti-government riots rocked Cairo as tens of thousands of Egyptians took to the streets to protest the Nasser regime's handling of the war with Israel. That same day Syrian air force officer Hafez al-Assad, the highest-scoring Arab fighter ace of the Sinai War, was killed in a crash shortly after takeoff.
Hafez al-Assad

	On this day in 2017 filming began for the third movie in Jerry Bruckheimer's CSI franchise.

On this day in 2016, Jerry Bruckheimer's second CSI feature film was theatrically released in the United States and Canada.
	Jerry Bruckenheimer

In 1927, Harry Houdini finally made contact from the Other Side to his wife. He warned her to convert to a little-known Buddhist sect before it was too late. Mrs. Houdini's conversion set off a wave of interest in Buddhism that swept America the rest of the decade.

In 4561, Siam rejoined the Chinese empire after its brief rebellion. Siamese forces were immediately dispatched to join in the battle of Hanoi.

In 1999, King Arthur II, with victory sounding her trumpet on every front, retires to the Welsh countryside for a few days to rest from his grueling schedule. Queen Gwen accompanies him, as does the psychiatrist, Dr. Archibald Mordred. Dr. Mordred has a fresh supply of Brightol for the king, which he has started taking in ever-increasing doses; he attributes all his recent success to the confidence that the drug has given him. It is in the euphoric state induced immediately after taking the drug that Queen Gwen tells Arthur, "My beloved majesty, I have news even greater than our war fortunes to tell you. You shall have an heir". Arthur is overcome with happiness at the news of his queen's pregnancy, and they plan the announcement to the nation together. As Queen Gwen prepares for bed, though, Dr. Mordred approaches her and asks to speak with her privately. She sends her servants away, and asks, "What is it that you wish to say, doctor?" The psychiatrist hesitantly begins, "Your Majesty, I have access to all of the king's medical records. It's never come up before, of course - I mean, he's only been king for a year, after all - but..". The queen impatiently demands that the doctor get whatever he plans to say out. "Well, Your Majesty, the king... he's sterile. He cannot have children". The queen regards him coldly for a moment, then says, "Then, you have been witness to a miracle, doctor. And you shall not speak of this again". Mordred withdraws from her withering presence, conflicted as to what he should do next.

In 1891, General Theodore Monteith attacks Topeka, Kansas, plowing into the city from the west, easily driving the few defenders out of his way. However, as the last of his column entered the city, he was surrounded by the superior numbers of the Kansan reinforcements, and started fighting a desperate battle against overwhelming odds. As the sun set on Topeka, Monteith had suffered almost 4,000 casualties, and "Sockless" Jerry Simpson called again for his surrender.Monteith read Simpson's demand at the same time that a messenger brought him the news he had been waiting for. "It would be imprudent for me to surrender at this time," Monteith wrote back to Simpson, "when rescue is just at hand". As Simpson read this, panic broke out in the back of the Kansan lines - Colonel Mark Wainwright was arriving at Topeka with 30,000 militiamen drawn from the states surrounding Kansas, and was obliterating the rebels who stood between him and his commanding officer. By midnight, Simpson and the rest of the Farmers Council were forced to abandon Topeka and move west with their wounded soldiers.

	In 1970, as reports come in regarding the casualties from Operation Linebacker, already estimated as over 200,000 and continuing to climb, Soviet premier Leonid Brezhnev informs President Nixon that the he is withdrawing his agreement to Nixon's proposed summit conference on atmospheric nuclear testing, which had been scheduled for later that month. 'The Soviet people cannot negotiate with a leader who has been willing to resort to mass murder on a grand scale against the populace of a fraternal socialist state,' Brezhnev informs a furious Nixon.

How dare that (expletives deleted) Red (expletive deleted) lecture me about mass murder!' Nixon rages to Vice-President Agnew and aides H.R. Haldeman and John Ehrlichman. 'Compared to what Stalin did, Linebacker's a (expletive deleted) slap on the (expletive deleted) wrist!'

On this day in 2007, the owner of the loft which was the site of the notorious Giraffe In A Loft incident was interviewed by the BBC about his ordeal and his mental breakdown. During the interview, he revealed that prior to calling Scotland Yard he had tried to throw the giraffe out of his house only to have it return an hour later bringing a horde of elephants with it.

	In 1821, capitalizing on the temporary weakening of French central authority caused by the death of the Emperor Napoleon on May 5, Bourbonists in Spain rise in rebellion against the 'usurper,' Napoleon's brother Joseph Bonaparte. Heavy fighting erupts in the capital, which falls to the rebels within days, forcing Bonaparte to flee by ship. As word spreads, rebellion does also, until the entire country is aflame. Technically, the ruler of France and its empire is now the Emperor's son, who has been crowned Napoleon II.

However, the real power is Prime Minister Metternich - and initially, more concerned with consolidating his hold on authority at home than with foreign affairs, then Prime Minister takes no action, trusting the French troops already stationed in Spain to put down the uprising. This will prove to be one of his rare mistakes, for the force on hand is inadequate; before his death, Napoleon had been gradually shifting troops from what had seemed a pacified Spain to other parts of his far-flung empire, including the Polish border of Metternich's native Austria.

In 1961, General Fulgiencio Batista, deposed by Fidel Castro's revolutionaries in 1959, returns to Havana aboard a U.S. Air Force transport. That evening, Raul Castro is discovered hanged in his cell at the U.S. naval base at Guantanamo Bay, where he had been held since his capture on April 28 during the occupation of Havana. Although the official verdict is suicide, President Kennedy does not believe it, and is furious: the prisoner's demise means he can no longer be used against his brother, who remains at large.
	Raul Castro

	In 1807, French 'First Citizen' Napoleon Bonaparte announces the creation of a new national police, the Surete Nationale. The new agency will quickly acquire a fearsome reputation as a political secret police force.

In 1980, Larry Underwood's 'Baby can you dig your man' hit the US billboards. At a rented Malibu Beach House, the party started in earnest.

In 1979, Rhodesia formally ended nearly 90 years of white minority rule and declared it will be known as Zimbabwe-Rhodesia. In the absence of any official ceremony crowds of revellers, mainly black, gathered in the streets of Salisbury and surrounding townships at midnight to mark the change. But although the name may have changed and there are 12 black faces in the cabinet under a new, black prime minister - Bishop Muzorewa - much will stay the same. The man in overall command of the military will remain in his post, as will those in charge of the army, air force and police. The jobs of top civil servants - all white - are protected under the new constitution.	Ian Smith

Within six months, the situation would be radically changed. A Marxist leader, Robert Mugabe would be installed in Government House. And he would have delivered on his promise to publicly hang Ian Smith in the capital city.

In 1949, Arthur Miller, comic genius, premieres his masterpiece, Life of a Salesman, the uproariously hilarious send up of life on the cutting edge of door-to-door sales. People literally fell down in the aisles from laughter during the show, and ticket proceeds made Miller a fortune. He showed that he was no one-trick pony by following up Salesman with the wacky slapstick antics of The Misfits and After the Fall before turning to the slightly more cerebral Ibsen parody, A Buddy to Everybody. When Miller's wife, bombshell Norma Jean Mortensen, said that, 'A man who can make you laugh is a girl's best friend,' joke book sales across the U.S. skyrocketed.

In 2017, the international expedition to the Pindar-Asaki comet is launched from the ESA spaceport in French Guiana. With cutting-edge equipment aboard, the highly trained team of scientists hopes to discover where this mysterious comet came from, and how it appeared so mysteriously in our solar system. The controversial decision to issue each member of the crew cutting-laser handguns is made so that they will be able to shear pieces of the comet away if they manage to land on it. Mission Commander Eileen Patterson says to the world before leaving earth orbit, 'With this mission, we extend the boundaries of humanity's knowledge further than our ancestors could have dreamed.' Unknown to most of the earth, the Pindar-Asaki mission is also carrying 4 nuclear warheads to place on the comet, because it has been determined that it is on a collision course with earth.

In Hellenic Year 3271, the climax of the Hellenic struggle against the Persians occurred at Marathon with the Athenian defeat of Artaphernes, who had attacked before reinforcements could reach him from King Darius. To forestall any future attempts to wage war against Hellenic territory, an elite group of Spartans, Athenians and Thebans worked their way to the Persian capitol and assassinated King Darius, himself. 'Let no man set himself above others in your land,' the assassins told the Persian Prime Minister, Kalixerxes. With a fear of Hellenic assassins in their hearts, nobles across Persia fled east, and the world's largest democracy was born in Asia.

In 1964, the Nation of Islam sued to reclaim Malcolm Little 's home in Queens, which they claimed belonged to the organization. The suit was successful, and Malcolm and his family were ordered to vacate the house. Since his release from an experimental prison at Norfolk, Massachusetts in 1952, Little had been a reluctant assistant to the firebrand minister, his brother Reginald X. Both had been expelled from the NOI for encouraging Muslims to 'kill some crackers', a desire Malcolm had shared with the examining officer during the draft.

In 1980, a group of dissident Iranians managed to free the American hostages being held in the embassy in Tehran and spirit them to waiting US forces in the Persian Gulf. President Jimmy Carter flew to greet the hostages personally, as his approval ratings soared with America's joy. Republican candidate Ronald Reagan grudgingly rejoiced at the hostages' return, although it spelled the end of his hopes of capturing the presidency.

In 1779, George Washington, leading general of the rebel forces in North America, is tried and hung by the British commander, Lord Cornwallis. The rebellion is swiftly routed afterwards. British spy Benedict Arnold is given a commission and lands by His Majesty for his part in capturing the contemptible Washington.

In 490BC,, the overwhelmingly powerful forces of Persia defeated the Greek fighters at Marathon, effectively ending the Greek classical age.

In 1988, on this day William Westmoreland published his auto-biographical work Chunnel : No End of a Lesson. The book gave a somewhat one-sided account of the Channel Tunnel Crisis of 1982. The casus belli was English Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher's decision to nationalize the Channel Tunnel, refusing to pay financial compensation to the Confederate States of America who had built and paid for it. President Westmoreland ordered CS 101st Airborne Division to scramble from their bases on the Rhine and march to Sangatte to seize back the Confederate property. The background was quite simple; fundamentally England was a bankrupt nation. When Westmoreland had decided not to bankroll the north sea oil field development program, he had inadvertently pushed the Iron Lady into a corner from which she chose to come out fighting. Whilst England was ultimately defeated at Sangatte, the peace settlement included development funding for the North Sea and Thatcher became a cause celebre and rallying point for European nationalists. You could say the Confederacy had won the battle and lost the war.