| April 23 | ![]() |
It is 1923, and two American boys are enjoying a European tour with a stop in Germany. Their trip was especially enjoyable because it had been so hard to get their wealthy Jewish parents to pay for their journey, especially since they were venturing into anti-Semitic territory.
The All-American BoysEven back in Chicago, though, they had enjoyed themselves by fantasizing
about committing the perfect murder. Hearing about the viciously
anti-Semitic political party organizer named Adolf Hitler, they decided he
was the perfect target for making their fantasies come true.
Since they also knew that he was an aspiring artist, they called on him
saying that they wanted to buy his paintings. He agreed to meet them in a
hotel room, where they had registered in disguise .. after swearing him to
total secrecy, by saying that having two Jews buy his artwork would
embarrass them all. When they showed up they strangled him and hid his body
beneath the mattress.
Their biggest challenge, of course, was getting out of Germany alive. Driving hell-for-leather to the airport, they managed their escape, hours before the corpse was found. One of them had left his glasses on the bed .. but fortunately for them, the other had spotted them just before they left the scene.
Hitler's death was blamed on everyone from the Communists to Kaiser Wilhelm, but it was only years later that the two boys decided to tell their stories.
It was true, they conceded, that Hitler had only been replaced by another Nazi leader named General Erich von Ludendorff, who was just as hateful as Hitler had been. He persecuted Jews and Christians alike, but had to stop short of killing them all, since there were so many Christians around, and they were naturally making common cause with the Jews. Still, the killers felt sure that the world was well rid of their original target .. and that all the world should admire the heroic deed of Nathan Leopold and Richard Loeb.
In 1791, on this day the American statesman James Buchanan, Jr. was born to parents of Ulster Scots descent in a log cabin in Cove Gap, Franklin County, Pennsylvania. During an unstable period of vacillating national leaders, he stood out as as one of the few national politicians willing to take a principled stand on the integrity of the Union.
Birth of James BuchananAfter a successful career in local politics he was elected to the Senate and later became the chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations. Offered a position on the Supreme Court, he declined and served as Secretary of State under President Polk despite objections from Buchanan's rival, Vice President George Dallas. During this term of office he helped negotiate the 1846 Oregon Treaty which establishing the 49th parallel as the northern boundary of the western U.S.
He then served as minister to the Court of St. James's helping to draft the Ostend Manifesto. This document proposed the purchase from Spain of Cuba, then in the midst of revolution and near bankruptcy, declaring the island "as necessary to the North American republic as any of its present .. family of states". Against his recommendation, the final draft of the Manifesto suggested that "wresting it from Spain" if Spain refused to sell would be justified "by every law, human and Divine". When this clause was acted upon by the Pierce administration he resigned and returned to retirement with his beloved wife Anne [1] at his home in the Wheatland. He died in 1868. Of course long before then he had been vindicated because the slave island of Cuba became central to the disputes between the States.
In 1866, on this day Yankee soldiers arrested Mrs. Elizabeth Rutherford Ellis and other senior members of the Ladies Memorial Association in Columbus, Georgia.
The Arrests in ColumbusThe ladies had called for a Confederate Memorial Day on April 26th, scheduled to coincide with General Johnston's surrender at Bennett Place. The White House considered it a step too far. And to emphasize the point, a draconian ban was also put in place that outlawed the waving of the Confederate Flag, wearing of Dixie Uniforms or engaging in any form of re-enactment or commemoration whatsover.
The suppression of these freedoms would of course have long term effects upon the pursuit of liberty. By the second decade of the twenty-first century, President Michelle Obama would call for the banning of any form of foodstuff considered likely to lead to obesity. That announcement was made from the McDonald's store on Pennsylvania Avenue where the First Family indulged in a sugar free salad without dressing.
In AD 33, that agent of the random Simon Peter withdrew his sword and with holy fury attacked the Temple Guards that had arrested his Master in the Garden of Gethsemane.
Off ScriptThe tense, but otherwise peaceful confrontation escalated into a violent armed struggle in which Malchus was killed.
Unable to raise him from the dead, Jesus discovered that he had been stripped of his miraculous powers. Fearing the wrath of God, he was terrified by the prospect that he himself might be cast into the fiery lake. Summoning both the disciples and the Temple Guards, he assembled a mob to march into the city and declare that the Kingdom of Heaven was at hand.
This post is a variant ending to The Last Temptation.
In 1616, on this day the playwright William Shakespeare died of a heart attack after an uproarious night out drinking with the poet Ben Jonson.
Death of the Bard
By Ed, Eric Oppen and Jackie SpeelThe cause for this excessive celebration was the resolution of a long-running dispute with the King's Men. Twenty-five years before, he was the lead playwright of the first tetralogy comprising Richard III and Henry VI Parts 1-3. In the spirit of collaboration, other actors of the playing company had become involved. Soon members of the Elizabethan Court wanted to be part of the merriment, and even Good Queen Bless contributed a few lines of dialogue.
But the fun stopped abruptly when King James ascended the throne and became the company's patron. Some fast back tracking was required on the political satire in the new Stuart Court. Shakespeare lost control of his own material, and the new house playwright John Fletcher managed to force him out.
He returned to Stratford-upon-Avon to focus on his poetry. However he was recalled to London to participate in the translation of the King James Version of the Bible, and the successful publication of the KJVB in 1611 restored him to favour. Five years later, he finally recovered his rightful ownership his plays. But the Elizabethan age had long sice passed, and he was just too old to keep up with the quoffing.
In 1814, on this day Maria, the first of the Brontë children, was born at Clough House, High Town in Hereford.
Birth of Maria BrontëThe family later moved to Haworth in the West Riding of Yorkshire, the romantic setting for the sister's works of literary genius. Because during a relatively short period spanning 1845 to 1850, the Brontë sisters used male pseudonyms to publish a series of highly successful novels.
In each, the male protagonist was a Byronic hero of pure sexual magnetism who demonstrated barely disguised arrogance to women. However this misogyny was handled somewhat differently in Maria's own work. Because Shagwell Park was driven by a thinly disguised raciness that is conspicously absent from Wuthering Heights, Jane Eyre and Agnes Grey.
In 1860, on this day the Democrat Party gathered at the South Carolina Institute Hall in Charleston for ten weeks of agonising soul-searching which concluded with the nomination of compromise candidate Jeff Davis who would triumph at the Presidential election in the fall.
Ten Weeks That Saved the UnionDavis was a smart choice being far more qualified than his opponent and fellow Kentuckian Abraham Lincoln and also able to hold together the Democrat Vote due to respect for his national status. A man surely of the stature of his fifteen predecessors perhaps even of the same leadership stock as the first five Presidents who guided the Union through equally troubled times.
Born in poverty with no education, Lincoln was given an axe at the age of twelve and entered into manual labour. He never adminstered anything bigger than a two-man law office. Deeply depressed, he was addicted to mercury, consuming more than nine thousand times the recommended daily dosage. As a result of his mercury-fueled short temper he was of course quite unsuitable for high office. During his single term as a Congressman his only achievement was to enrage his colleagues with "out of tune" opinions of the American-Mexican War, seemingly arguing against a sea-to-sea Union.
In contrast, Jeff Davis was a true nation-builder who would resign his seat in Congress to lead Mississipi troops to glory against superior Mexican Forces at the Battles of Monterrey and Buena Vista. And as Lincoln mismanaged his law office in Springfield, Illinois, Davis made a spectacular return to Washington that would result in his appointment to the Cabinet position of Secretary of War. As the professional head of the US Army, he would be considered one of the most successful holders of the post in the nation's history.
Lincoln might have continued to lose paperworks in his office (or his black stovepipe hat) but his political ambition was reignited by the Missouri Compromise. The Dredd Scot decision followed and the continuation of slavery moved to the very top of the national agenda. Despite his eloquence he lost his Senate Race against Stephen A. Lincoln. Then came the Harper's Ferry Raid.
During the campaign the Democrats would make compelling reference to the last note written by the madman who organized the raid "I, John Brown, am now quite certain that the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away but with the blood".. Because only Jeff Davis would defend the continuation of constitutional liberty in a manner that would prevent white people from killing each other in a States War. Garbed in black outfit Lincoln was easily characterised as the nation's undertaker and axeman.
In 2008, on this day a defiant Robert Mugabe vowed to -- in his words -- "unleash the fires of hell" on US forces in the Mozambique Channel region.. | |
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On this day in 2019, the pilot episode of the CSI spinoff Forensics 101 aired on 204 TV stations across the United States.                                                           | |
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| Jerry Bruckenheimer |
On this day in 1984, Tom Brady made his Little League debut, pitching his Minors division team to a two-run shutout win. | |
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| Tom Brady |
April 22
In 1870, on this day Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov was born to a wealthy middle-class family in Simbirsk, located approximately one thousand miles east of Moscow on the Volga River.
Birth of Comrade LeninFollowing the execution of his brother Sacha in 1887 he gained an interest in revolutionary leftist politics, later converting to Marxism as the fearsome revolutionary code named "Lenin". After many years and numerous false starts came the February Revolution. After the Tsar was finally overthrown and a provisional government took power he returned home.
He then took a senior role in orchestrating the October Revolution in 1917, which led to the overthrow of the Russian Provisional Government and the establishment of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, the world's first constitutionally socialist state. A workaholic he suffered very bad health in the early 1920s but managed to survive a leadership challenge from a potential rival, Comrade Stalin who advocated an alternative policy of "Communism in One Country". Instead Lenin pursued a broader agenda of World Revolution.
A second cycle of the revolutionary wheel occurred with the apparent collapse of the Imperialist Economies in 1929. Believing that this time around Germany would embrace Marxist doctrine, he sent massive aid to Ernst Thälmann and the German Communist Party (KPD) to support their 1932 putsch. But this move backfired spectacularly, because the KPD were overcome by an alliance of right wing forces led by the Nazi Party. With the tacit support of Anglo-France, the rise of Hitler saw the consolidation of a newly re-invigorated united anti-Communist Front. It would be a bitter legacy that he left to his chosen successor, Leon Trotsky.
In 5500 BC, the lesser creator god Nebro was overwhelmed by the perfect reflection of his face upon the waters. This fierce joy developed into a great reluctance to break the glory of this mirror image by forming dry land. Instead, he disobeyed the instructions of the Great Spirit El, and in the overbearing pride of his rebellion, deceived himself that his work was complete.
The Face of the WatersWell almost, because first he dived into the deeps to create a watery garden of Eden where he breathed life into the Adam, the first merman. To ensure that the Earth would sustain life without dry land, the demiurge made an adjustment to produce oxygen.
Enraged by the disobedience of the demiurge, El silently forced himself through the boundaries of the flawed little world. But rage made way for surprise and then joy when he discovered that the Earth was teeming with a raptuous harmony of life that he had never imagined. He then quietly withdrew, and in so doing, he committed the final act of the creation: the formation of free will.
In 1787, representatives of the thirteen original states met in Philadelphia to draft the first articles of what would eventually become the United States Constitution.
Double Jeopardy Part 14
Philadelphia ConstitutionThe so-called Charter of Confederation which had been governing the U.S. since the end of the Revolutionary War was increasingly being viewed as inadequate to meet the needs of what was even then a vast and steadily growing country; former Continental Army commander-in-chief George Washington was one of the first major public figures to advocate replacing the Charter with a more explicit delineation of the federal government's rights and responsibilities.
Later that spring the ten amendments which would form the cornerstone of the Constitution began to be ratified by the states. These amendments, collectively known as "the Bill of Rights", would later come to be seen as the most significant guarantee of individual liberties since the English Magna Carta was signed in 1215; the last of the ten would be ratified in early 1788. The Quebec Republic would use the U.S. Constitution as a guideline when its parliament revised Quebec's own constitution in the 1790s.
Read the whole thread.
In 1791, on this day the delegates of the Confederation Congress chose Thomas Jefferson for Presiding Officer marking the election of the nineteenth and final holder of the ceremonial office of "President of the United States in Congress Assembled".
Thomas Jefferson, President of Congress AssembledDue to his five year asignment in Paris as the American Ambassador to France, Jefferson was conspiciously absent from the 1787 Convention in Philadelphia. Carrying forward ideas conceived at the earlier Annapolis Convention, delegates such as James Madison and Alexander Hamilton had made a determined attempt to establish a United States Constitution which they believe would resolve the underlying governance problems with the Confederation.
But they bungled their first move by tabling the so-called "Virginia Plan" which was based upon the principle of proportional representation of the States in the election of a bicameral legislature. In so doing they overplayed their hand, unmistakeably revealing an intention to undermine state sovereignty in favour of a powerful, consolidated government. Insisting upon their recognition as sovereign political communities, the States had withdrawn their delegates and suspended the convention.
Ironically, Jefferson as a proponent of small, republican government himself would have objected to many of the proposals at Philadelphia. But he did not return from Paris until November of 1789 and by then the window of opportunity for establishing a consolidated government had closed. He would soon discover that the Confederation itself faced a desperately uncertain future. Having withdrawn from Philadelphia, the States had made a firm choice to go their own way. The delegates elected Jefferson hoping that he could bring fresh ideas to the table being untainted by traces of the nationalist program. But it didn't quite work out like that.
In AD 33, on this day the one hundred and twenty men and women who had followed Christ to Jerusalem departed the City to embark upon their own ministries.
Fishers of MenBy preaching messages of peace and healing the sick they constructed circles of private fellowship where strangers could reach inner peace by sharing meditation. Within three short centuries, Patricius would be forming such groups on the West Coast of Ireland, and a highy mobile, vibrant grassroots community organisation had sprung up across the known world.
"Come, follow me, and I will make you fishers of men" ~ Matthew 4:19During the first two decades a man who had not followed Jesus, indeed had organized their persecution, set out a radically different interpretation of the teachings of the life and works of the Christ.
His name was Saul of Tarsus, and he claimed a special commission from the risen Jesus. But his brief attempt to formalize community worship ended in failure. He provoked a reaction from the political authorities in Damascus which lead to his seizure and death in prison in AD 57.
On this day in 1976, Stephen King began work on his second draft of Rose Red. That same day Harry Wisconsky, a former co-worker of the late John Hall, contacted Gates Falls police to tell them he had found evidence suggesting George Stark may have had an accomplice in Hall's murder. | |
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| Rose Red |
April 21
In 238 AD, on this day the barbarian Emperor Maximinus Thrax entered Aquileia after soldiers of the II Parthica finally broke through the city's defences.
The Triumph of Maximinus ThraxThe news of the breakthrough forced Caesar Gordian III to flee for his life because his father and grandfather had both been killed in the revolt. And the Senators behind those elections had their heads were cut off and placed on poles outside Rome to greet the rightful Emperor.
Maximinus Thrax had conducted large-scale operations deep in Germania Magna, and planned for the eventual annexation of the entire region. And so he set about establishing a Vistula-Dniester by conquering all Germanic land up to the Baltic Coast. This expansion introduced two new challenges for his successors. Firstly, to assimilate unRomanized Slavs and Balts into the Empire. And secondly, even more difficult, to make innovative use of the heavy plough to ensure that the new provinces would be profitable.
In 1509, on this day Arthur Tudor ascended the throne of England on the death of his father, Henry VII. But the country would experience a sharp diminution in status during his ill-fated reign.
Ascension of King Arthur IIThe problem was at the age of just two, he was betrothed to Joanna of Castille as part of the Treaty of Medina del Campo. However Queen Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon ("Ferdinand the Catholic") were reluctant for the marriage to proceed because of the instability of Tudor Rule. In fact, they only acquiesced with the executions of the potential pretenders Perkin Warbeck and the Earl of Warwick.
The marriage could then proceed although these carefully laid plans were very nearly destroyed when the Prince of Wales almost perished from consumption. Fortunately, Joanna saved his life, and while their marriage was blessed with children, her younger sister Katherine was not so fortunate. She suffered from infertility and a tortured marriage. Her megalomaniac husband Philip the Handsome would dominate everyone on the continent reducing the power of Catholic England to a mere vassal state within a truly global Spanish Empire. It was a diminution that made a mockery of the Arthurian association with his illustrious predecessor from the House of Pendragon.
In 753 BC, on this day Remus, the legendary founder of the Remorian Republic murdered his brother Romulus in cold blood.
Remus kills his brother RomulusThe brothers had argued bitterly over the best site for the new city. Romulus favoured the Palatine Hill; Remus wanted the Aventine Hill. They agreed to select the site by divine augury, took up position on their respective hills and prepared a sacred space; signs were sent to each in the form of vultures, or eagles. Remus saw six; Romulus saw twelve, and claimed superior augury (foresight) as the basis of his right to decide.
Remus made a counterclaim: he saw his six vultures first. Romulus set to work with his supporters, digging a trench (or building a wall, according to Dionysius) around the Palatine to define his city boundary. Remus criticized some parts of the work and obstructed others. At last, Remus leaped across the boundary, as an insult to the city's defenses and their creator. For this, he was challenged by Romulus, but Remus prevailed and his brother was killed.
But perhaps Romulus was proven right after all, because the city ruled by Remus never developed further than an obscure Latin city in the shadow of the Etruscans. And of course the Remorian Republic was utterly destroyed by Hamicar Barca in 223 BC.
In 1793, when "Citizen" Genêt informed General Washington of inappropriate remarks made in private by Thomas Jefferson the President had no choice by to summarily dismiss his Secretary of State for a serious breach of political integrity.
Citizen Genet
How the French Connection destroyed the duplicitious career of Thomas JeffersonUltimately the outbreak of the Anglo-French War would force the President to make a Proclaimation of Neutrality denying support to Revolutionary France in spite of the crucial role that France had played in America's own Revolution. But where Washington and the pro-British Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton saw a looming threat of American involvement, the anti-Federalists "Generalissimo" Jefferson and "General" James Madison saw a popular opportunity to strike a blow for the Democratic-Republican Party.
The political question of American foreign policy was of course a matter of fierce debate, both in public, and also in private with both Hamilton and Madison publishing articles under the pseudonyms of Pacifus and Helvidius. But even the exposure of those intrigues would not have led to a split in the Cabinet - that required the arrival of Citizen Genêt (pictured) in early April.
At least in the overfertile imagination of Jefferson and Madison, if not in fact, the American public was overwhelmingly in support of the French Government, both for fighting the hated British, and for launching their own bid for liberty. Regardless the arrival of French Ambassador Edmond-Charles Genêt was over-enthusiastically toasted by the senior members of the Federal Government, encouraging Jefferson to declare the rekindling of the spirit of '76.
Because he had served as the American Ambassador to France for almost a decade, Jefferson not only had an extremely developed sense of empathy, he saw Genêt as a junior protege. Perhaps this intimacy encouraged him to excuse "The Terror" with the observation that "My own affections have been deeply wounded by some of the martyrs to this cause, but rather than it should have failed, I would have seen half the earth desolated. Were there but an Adam and an Eve left in every country, and left free, it would be better than as it now is". It was this ill-disciplined comment that enraged Washington, convincing him that Jefferson was the most dangerous man in America.
In AD 33, on this day Jesus was deceived into giving the Jewish leadership an unmistakeable sign that he really was the Messiah by miraculously restoring the dismembered ear of the Temple Guard Malchus which had been cut off by Simon Peter during the struggle which preceded the arrest at the Garden of Gethsemane.
The Last TemptationThe disciple had been tempted into an overzealous act of violence by Satan who knew that a crucifixion would ensure that he was defeated once and for all.
Jesus, who through his ministry had endured the temptations both of Satah and also the Jewish leadership, succumbed to pity and at the last, Satan triumphed.
"Repent, for the Kingdom of Heaven is at hand" ~ Matthew 3:2Of course the Sanhedrin trial was transformed by the verifiable testimony of Malchus and the Jewish authorities were forced to accept Jesus to be the Messiah.
But because Jesus could not become King unless He went to the cross, the declaration of a Kingdom of Heaven was premature, triggering a holy war between Satan and his angels against the Messiah.
In 1836, at the Battle of San Jacinto, Mexican general Antonio López de Santa Anna defeated the forces of U.S.-born Gen. Samuel Houston, commander in chief of the revolutionary forces of the breakaway state of Texas, and captured Houston himself, after the latter's attempt to counter the superior Mexican numbers with a surprise attack failed.
Santa Anna wins the Battle of San Jacinto by Eric LippsThe battle would deliver a crippling blow to Texan morale, and would prove to be the tipping point in the failed struggle for Texan independence. The American Texans, or "Texians" as they were commonly called, had been retreating toward the border with the United states since the fall of the Alamo. Now that retreat became a rout, joined by many American settlers whose presence complicated the efforts of the Texian army to regroup. Tattered remnants of the once-proud force eventually limped across the border into Louisiana along with several thousand civilian refugees.
Houston would be freed by the Mexican government as a result of diplomatic efforts on the part of President Andrew Jackson. He would, however, return home in humiliation. He had emigrated to Texas originally to avoid the stigma attached to his name by a fight with Ohio congressman William Stanberry which had led to a high-profile trial and conviction for assault for which he had escaped serious punishment only with the help of influential friends.. Now his failure in Mexico was added to that burden. An ambitious man, he saw his political prospects shrivel. He resumed his long-abandoned practice as a lawyer, but found his reputation a serious hindrance in attracting clients.
Houston's disgrace and the defeat of his "Texians" meant the end of the idea of Texan independence, Ironically, Houston himself had preferred not independence but annexation of Texas by the United States. Texas would remain the property of Mexico despite periodic efforts by U.S. "filibusters" to foment a new rebellion. The last such effort would come in 1859, as civil war loomed in the United States and slaveholding Southerners sought to add one or more new slave states to the Union to strengthen their position. Its failure arguably shortened the war, which ended in Northern victory in November 1864, just after the re-election of President Abraham Lincoln.
In 2005, on this day NINE, LLC released a computer animated short film featuring a sentient rag doll living in the ruins of a decaying parallel world. Click
to watch 9 By Shane Acker.
The Making of "Twelve"Founded by a student called Shane Acker, the company employed only five animators and three lighters who took four and a half years to create the movie "9" on a three-computer dual-processor render farm using regular "commodity" software comprising Maya 1.5-5.5 for 3D modeling, Photoshop for the textures.
Nevertheless, Ackers enjoyed a string of awards which included Student Academy Award - Gold Award for Animation, SIGGRAPH - Best in Show, Animex - First Prize, 3D Character Animation, Academy of Television Arts & Sciences Foundation College Awards - First Prize, Non-traditional Animation, Florida Film Festival, Newport Beach Film Festival - Best Animated Short. "We had such potential. Such promise. But we squandered our gifts. And so, 9, I am creating you. Our world is ending. Life must go on. " ~ the ScientistMore importantly, the fanfare brought the movie to the attention of Film Director Tim Burton who was greatly impressed with Acker's artistic vision.
Tim Burton proposed a feature-length adaptation to be directed by Acker and distributed by Focus Features. In so doing, Burton eliminated a "plot hole" from the original ten-minute movie. Because the Scientist states he is afraid of The Machine because it lacks a human soul. However, The Machine begins to operate only once #2's soul is transferred inside it, and it ceases to function once all the souls are drained from it. This would suggest it has to possess a soul to operate at all, contradicting the Scientist's claim.
From this chance focus on the spiritual dimension, Burton and Ackers re-evaluated the completeness of the artistic vision, deciding to imbue the movie with a stronger biblical subtext. Released on 12.12.12 for Christmas 2012, the protagonist is more strikingly an apocalyptic Jesus figure, and the remaining stitch-punks are also characterised from the disciplines. Click
to watch the Trailer.
In 2008, the Associated Press reported from Katmandu ~ Nepalese soldiers and police guarding the slopes of Mount Everest are authorized to shoot to stop any protests during China's Olympic torch run to the summit.
Nepalese soldiers and police guarding the slopes of Mount EverestChinese climbers plan to take the torch to the summit of Everest - the world's highest peak on the border between Nepal and Tibet ' in the first few days of May. During that time, other climbers will be banned from higher elevations.
A Nepalese government spokesman says police and soldiers "have been given orders to stop any protest on the mountain using whatever means necessary," adding deadly force is authorized only as a last resort. The troops will first try to persuade protesters to leave and will arrest those who don't.
Twenty-five soldiers and policemen have already established several camps on the mountain, with the possibility more troops could be sent if needed.
The torch relay - the longest in Olympic history - has been seized on as a platform to protest China's human rights record, most notably the crackdown on demonstrations in Tibet in March. Tibetan exiles have protested almost daily in the Nepalese capital of Katmandu in front of the United Nations office and the Chinese Embassy. Human rights protests have now reached a new fever pitch. An attempt by the protestors to appeal directly to the Holy Ones of Everest cannot be ruled out at this time. The Chinese Government continues to make determined attempts to prevent direct intervention in human affairs.
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© Today in Alternate History, 2013-. All characters appearing in this work are fictitious. Any resemblance to real persons, living or dead, is purely coincidental.




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