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In 1815, Napoleon Victorious at Waterloo. Born the second of eight children of a Corsican lawyer, Napoleon Bonaparte rose to become Emperor of France through merit and impeccable timing. As a colonel and then general in Revolutionary France, Napoleon proved himself on battlefields in Italy and the streets of Paris.
Napoleon Victorious at WaterlooHe returned to France from a failed expedition to the Middle East, hurrying just in time to be part of a coup that would eventually set him up to autocratic power as a champion of liberty. He used his military genius to expand French rule over almost all of Europe from Portugal to Russia, where he invaded in 1812 to force his Continental System of economics in hopes of starving out his last enemies, the British. The invasion turned into a fiasco, and Napoleon abdicated in 1814, retiring to the island of Elba in the Mediterranean. After being frustrated with attempts to get his allowance and bring his family from the Austrian court, Napoleon evaded British naval patrols and returned to France. For a time known as the Hundred-Twenty Days in 1815, Napoleon regained his title as emperor and mustered 200,000 soldiers into an army that hoped to secure France's position among Europe.
The other nations, however, already moved in the Seventh Coalition to force his second abdication. Austria, Prussia, Russia, United Kingdom, and Bourbon France had already begun meeting at the Congress of Vienna along with Spain, Sweden, Portugal, and many other delegates from southern and central Europe. One of the first actions was the agreement of each major power to put armies of 150,000 men into the field, creating a staggering opposition that Napoleon determined to defeat with a preemptive campaign. He marched with an army of 126,000 into the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, where he hoped to break the British under Wellington and the Prussians under Blucher before they could join their forces into an army twice his size.
A new article by Jeff ProvineThe Dutch Campaign began with a French victory over Blucher at Ligny on June 16. The Prussians were driven to retreat northward, and Napoleon sent Marshall Grouchy in pursuit. Wellington, meanwhile, realized his position had become jeopardized and fell back as well. Napoleon and the bulk of his army followed, finally catching him at the village of Waterloo. Torrential rainstorms had moved in, but a westerly wind pushed the majority of the rain fell east to where the Prussians' retreat became mired as they tried to reform corps for a counter-attack. Grouchy redirected his attacks to the western flank when he heard cannon begin the Battle of Waterloo some miles to the southwest and cut off any chance of a Prussian flank.
At Waterloo, there was much less rain, and Napoleon deemed the battlefield dry enough for a fight by midmorning. Wellington's troops withstood repeated attacks from the French before finally breaking under the strength of Napoleon's elite Old Guard. Despite British reserves and cavalry charges, the French pushed the British into retreat by afternoon. On June 19, Napoleon marched his forces to Wavre, where Grouchy had pinned up reinforcements, and the combined French force crushed the Prussians. He turned northward again and drove Wellington into the sea before turning south to deal with the next Coalition force.
A massive Austrian force of 225,000 soldiers were marching through the Rhineland under Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg, the man who had defeated Napoleon at Leipzig in 1813 and taken Paris in 1814. Napoleon had left Marshall Rapp in his path with 23,000 men, but Rapp, despite winning a victory at La Suffel against a force of 40,000 under the Crown Prince of Wurttemberg, could do little to stall the large force. Napoleon marched south back into France, joined with Rapp, and made his final stand at Nancy. Many of his attendants would later recall Napoleon's observation that Charles the Bold had died at Nancy and ended Burgundian Valois. The exhausted French army was overwhelmed by the Austrians, and Napoleon was taken captive July 15, 1815.
Napoleon was imprisoned in the Austrian court, where he lived out his life with his wife and son, whom he had missed dearly in Elba. Klemens von Metternich, who had guided Austria as Foreign Minister and Minister of State during the Napoleonic Wars, met with him often, discussing the liberalization of Europe. Metternich had orchestrated the short-lived alliance between Austria and France and Napoleon's marriage to Princess Marie Louise but switched sides as he predicted Napoleon's eventual defeat. The Congress of Vienna, which decided nearly all of the geographic and political questions in post-Napoleon Europe, had been his brainchild. As witness at the Battle of Nancy and then champion opposing the notion of breaking up France, Metternich was considered the most powerful diplomat in the world. Demands for independence from Austrian rule in Germany after the fall of the Holy Roman Empire and talk of unification in Italy still plagued him, however.
In moves that were believed to have been advised by Napoleon recalling days of the Revolution, Metternich shifted his standings on the questions to public support, emulating what Napoleon had done convincing a liberal France to support an autocratic emperor. Metternich had long served the conservative, royal factions and now campaigned for them to follow the ideals of Italian unification (under Austrian terms, of course). The press was seen as the pulse of the people, and Metternich followed it closely to guide him in maintaining power. He set up reforms throughout the myriad of people-groups in Austria, encouraging a Hungarian diet as well as economic unions through the south of Germany that would counterbalance the growth of Prussian power in the north. His work seemed successful when Austria proved immune to liberal revolts that plagued Spain, where he was quick to act as assert yet more diplomatic authority. Later, his attention turned eastward, encouraging Greek nationalism and intervening in the Egyptian-Ottoman War of 1831, affirming a confederation (under Austrian guidance) for the Balkan nations seeking to throw off the yoke of Ottoman rule.
Through his tenure, Metternich carefully balanced conservative ideals on the growing wave of liberalism throughout Europe. He frustrated the attempts at Tsar Alexander I's "Holy Alliance" to repress democracy and instead stirred favor for the Austrian model. Vienna continued to be the diplomatic capital of the continent, though it drove away Britain, who focused attention on empire worldwide. Britain finally came back into European affairs with the Russian-Ottoman War in 1853, and, in the last years of his life, Metternich recommended action that resulted in Vienna once again hosting an international treaty in 1856. After Metternich's death in 1859, Austria would continue to be a sprawling empire under Franz Joseph, who upheld many of Metternich's ideas on directing liberalization. While much of Europe carried out imperialistic wars in Africa, Central Asia, and the Pacific in the twentieth century, Austria maintained its position as a central power, practically the hinge on which Europe, and the world, swung. Even the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand in 1914 by anarchists was smoothed as Serbia, part of the Balkan Confederation headed by Austria, gave its deepest condolences.
In 1999, following the disappearance of Gerry Adams and Martin McGuinness, damning fresh evidence emerged that the location of the IRA arms stores had actually been leaked by a British informer.
Sinn Feiners die in Good Friday SacrificeFor months, the implementation of the Good Friday Agreement (committing both parties to the "total disamament of paramilitary organizations") had been locked in a bitter stalemate with Unionists insisting on "No Guns, No Government" and Sinn Féin insisting "No Government, No Guns". But behind the scenes, Adams and McGuinness were walking a deadly tight rope by committing themselves to peaceful and political pursuits of Republican goals far short of a thirty-two county All-Ireland state. Whereas the IRA Army Council foresaw a full vote from a convention on decommissioning at the very end of the peace process.
But when General de Chastleain's status reports stated that IRA Decommissioning had stalled, David Trimble claimed that the Republican movement had defaulted. He threatened the British Government with a stark choice: suspend the newly devolved institutions and re-impose direct rule from Westminister, or face a mass walk out from ten of the twelve Northern Ireland ministers.
Before this latest in a series of absolute deadlines could be reached, the IRA arm stores were suddenly discovered by the RUC. Seemingly, a betrayal in the Republican movement had resolved the political crisis at the cost of the lives of both Adams and McGuinness. But it later emerged, that the leaking of information had come from an unknown source inside the Army Council itself, paid for by the British Government.
In 813 B.C., on this day at the temple of Juno the wandering Trojan hero Aeneas defied the will of Jupiter by marrying Dido the first Queen of Carthage.
Aeneas marries DidoIronically a great east-west alliance of men developed from a romantic bond created by the meddling of the Goddess Venus. Dido had sworn fidelity to the soul of her late husband, Sychaeus, who had been murdered by her cupidinous brother Pygmalion. But she fell in love with Aeneas who returned her love during a hunting expedition when a storm had driven the lovers into a cave.
Jupiter then sent the winged messenger Mercury to inform Aeneas that his destiny was to found a great city in Italy. But unable to desert Dido, Aeneas defied Jupiter, who would now send the God Mars to more forcibly remind him of his duty.
In 1940, on this day, ironically the anniversary of the Battle of Waterloo, Charles de Gaulle was arrested upon his arrival at the BBC Broadcasting House near Oxford Circus. Winston Churchill who was preparing his own "blood, sweat and tears" speech had made the offer to broadcast on the BBC, to declare that "France has lost a battle, but not the war". Neither speech would be given because the Tory Caucus had overruled Winston Churchill, insisting upon peace negotiations with Nazi Germany.
l'Appel du 18 Juin by Ed and Scott PalterThe British Cabinet had met that morning without Churchill who was busy with his speech. The Minister of Information, Duff Cooper, mentioned that de Gaulle was planning to talk on the BBC that evening and gave an outline of what the Frenchman planned to say. The Cabinet decided that the broadcast would be "undesirable". Britain was still hoping to maintain a relationship with the new government set up in Bordeaux under the First World War hero, Marshal Petain, to avoid it siding with the Germans. Churchill was particularly anxious to ensure that the powerful French fleet did not fall into Nazi hands.
Unaware of this, de Gaulle worked on his text before lunching with Duff Cooper, who did not tell him of the Cabinet decision. But Cooper did tip off Edward Spears, a general who had been Churchill's personal envoy to the previous French government and had brought de Gaulle to England in his plane the day before. The war being advocated by both [Churchill and de Gaulle] would most surely have not only bankcrupted the country, but also meant the end for both the British Empire and the Class System.Spears went to see Churchill in the afternoon to argue that the general should go ahead with his broadcast because it would give French resistance a focus and might induce the remnants of France's air force to fly to Britain. The prime minister replied that he would authorise the broadcast if members of the Cabinet would change their minds. Looking 'miserable and hot; according to an eyewitness, Spears set off to speak to the ministers individually.
Consulted one by one, Cabinet members agreed that de Gaulle should be authorised to speak,' according to a note added to the record of the earlier decision. In the early evening, wearing a uniform with leggings and polished boots, the Frenchman took a taxi to BBC Broadcasting House near Oxford Circus. And yet de Gaulle would not after all become the "L'homme du destin" because immense pressure was being exerted by the Tory Caucus, and by the end of the day both de Gaulle and Churchill would be disempowered before they could prevent the commencement of peace negotiations with Nazi Germany. Because the war being advocated by both, would most surely have not only bankcrupted the country, but also meant the end for both the British Empire and the Class System.
In 2010, the box office smash hit movie of the DC Comics Western Outlaw "Jonah Hex" premiered in cinema theatres across North America. Josh Brolin starred as the badass bounty hunter in the post-Civil War Old West who's got a Confederate soldier's gray jacket and a hideously scarred face.
Watch the Trailer on Youtube ![]()
Jonah HexThe remarkable success of the movie was due to a sophicated plot device from the rebooted Hex DC Comic Series of September 1985 in which Jonah is transported to the year 2050 to become a post-apocalyptic warrior.
Jonah surrenders himself to the Union forces, but refuses to betray where his fellow soldiers are camped. However a Union soldier is able to determine the location of that camp by examining the dirt in the hooves of Jonah's horse. The Union soldiers captured all of Jonah's fellow soldiers and then later massacred most of them, framing Jonah as a turncoat. One of those slaughtered is Jeb Turnbull, son of "the man with the eagle-topped cane" General Quentin Turnbul who vows his vengeance upon Jonah.
The Hex Series begins with the introduction - "their nuclear-ravaged worlded needed a hero". But in the movie variant, Jonah discovers that the future of 2050 was created by his surrender to the Union forces. Because this pivotal event motivates the embittered Quentin Turnbull to destroy the city of Washington on the centennial day. And so Jonah uses mystical powers (conferred upon him by native americans) to return to Ford Charlotte in January 1863, this time unaccompanied by his horse.
In 1611, on this day forty-six year old William Shakespeare was dismissed from the employment of the Committee known as the First Cambridge Company following the discovery that hidden messages had been introduced into the translation of the Authorized King James Version.
To let future generations know that he had helped with translation, Shakespeare had devised a Secret Bible Code, noting in his diary that "If you count 46 words from the beginning, you will find the word shake. Now count the same 46 words from the end of Psalm 46, there is the word spear". Unfortunately for Shakespeare, his colleague Marlowe betrayed his confidence, immediately alerting the Committee's editors who discovered the following mis-translation:
The Bard gets FiredPsalms 46:1-3 "God is our refuge and strength, a very present help in trouble. Therefore will not we fear, though the earth be removed, and though the mountains be carried into the midst of the sea; Though the waters thereof roar and be troubled, though the mountains shake with the swelling thereof. Selah". And Psalms 46:9-11 "He maketh wars to cease unto the end of the earth; he breaketh the bow, and cutteth the spear in sunder; he burneth the chariot in the fire. Be still, and know that I am God: I will be exalted among the heathen, I will be exalted in the earth. The LORD of hosts is with us; the God of Jacob is our refuge. Selah".
Following his dismissal, Shakespeare purchased a gatehouse in the former Blackfriars priory where he resided for five unremarkable years until his death in 1616 aged just fifty-two.
In 1812, on this day the forces of British North America suffered a catastrophic defeat in Beasleyville1, Southern Ontario at the hands of the invading US Army led by turncoat general Arthur Wellesey.
Damned Near Run ThingWellesley noted in his diary that the American victory was "a damn near run thing, the nearest run thing you ever saw in your life. By God! I don't think it would have done if I had not been there". In truth, the finely balanced battle only went in the American favour with the arrival of the French army, led by General Bonaparte, late in the day.
Nevertheless, defeat put an end to British rule over Upper Canada, the territory formerly known as New France, and Ontario itself was later admitted as a state of the Union.
In 1660, on this day Henry Cromwell was proclaimed the King of England upon the abdication of his elder brother Richard
The Royal House of Cromwell, Part 3 - Henry IX (1660-1688) by David AtwellKnown as Henry "The Wise", Henry IX was everything his father was & more. In doing so, he established the Henris Line of the Royal Family in the process of ruling Britain.
Prior to accepting the Throne, he was Governor-General to Ireland until rumours were heard that Charles Stuart was going to invade Britain. He immediately took over the Crown from his abdicating brother, Richard IV, rushed north with the New Model Army, the Corps of Welsh Guardsmen & his Irish Model Army, defeating Charles "The Pretender" in Scotland near Dunbar.
Charles escaped to France whilst his Scottish allies feared the retribution of Henry. Unlike his father Oliver I, however, Henry IX showed "Christian compassion to his wayward Scottish subjects". General Monck, though, an English turncoat was not as lucky & was executed for High Treason in 1661.
Following on from the "compassion" that Henry showed to the Scots, Henry followed his example of government policy in Ireland & established the policy of "Toleration" for all of Britain. Later in 1680, he defeated further attempts by the Stuarts (James Stuart this time) to retake the Throne of England & Scotland. In his final years, he transferred much power to Parliament in exchange for the Act of Union (1686), which established the United Kingdom of England, Scotland & Wales.
Ireland remained a separate political entity with its own Parliament & Governor-General. This arrangement would be successful & acted as a blueprint for future political arrangements throughout much of the future British Empire. Furthermore, Ireland would be somewhat independent & saw its own Parliament deal reasonably well in domestic matters, with little interference from the British Parliament at Westminster, or indeed by the various Cromwellian Monarchs.
The immediate result of Henry?s policy of "Toleration", however, witnessed two circumstances, which, even though appeared to offer little importance at the time, made in fact a major impact upon Britain & Ireland. The more immediate of the two permitted people to observe whichever religion that they wished to follow. This also included Catholicism, albeit with restrictions. The result was that much of the fuss involved with the English Civil Wars was negated overnight & the Stuarts found it harder to gain support, especially in Ireland.
The second circumstance, as a result of "Toleration", was protection given to the Jews. Although many of the general public still entertained anti-Semitic attitudes, many Jews, nevertheless, arrived in Britain to begin new lives under the protection of the Throne. These Jews soon established various businesses & flourished. They would become the cornerstone of the financial strength of the British economy over the next 25 years & contribute greatly to the development of the British Empire in the next century.
| Luftwaffe | On this day in 1940, Luftwaffe paratroopers began a desperate 11th-hour offensive in Holland in hopes of salvaging the German armed forces' crumbing fortunes there; the operation proved to be a catastrophe, however, as Allied intelligence agents behind the German lines had tipped British and French commanders off to the impending assault 36 hours earlier, giving Allied ground forces time to set an ambush for the paratroopers. |
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| Paratrooper |
80 percent of the paratroops committed to the offensive were killed or wounded, making one of the worst defeats ever sustained by a German battle force in any war. News of the disaster drove Luftwaffe paratrooper corps commander-in-chief General Kurt Student to shoot himself the next day. |
On this day in 1983, AWA world tag team champions B. Brian Blair and George "The Animal" Steele lost by countout in a rematch against former champs Jerry "Crusher" Blackwell and Adrian Adonis; the countout resulted from Blair being double-teamed by "Bad News" Allen and Larry Zbyszko after leaving the ring to defend Steele when "The Animal" was sucker-punched by Zbyszko. | The Animal |
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| George Steele |
| United Nations | In 1961, on this day the United Nations returned to its longtime headquarters in Turtle Bay after nearly ten months on Staten Island. |
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| HQ in New York |
On this day in 2002, scientists at Harvard University held a press conference to announce their preliminary findings in an investigation of the asteroid strike in Baghdad three days earlier; according to their calculations and to evidence obtained from their Iraqi colleagues, the impact of Asteroid 2002 MN 15 -- now known in most media reports as 'the Baghdad asteroid' --generated an explosive force equivalent to the detonation of a 26-kiloton nuclear warhead. | Asteriod Strike |
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| hits Iraq |
That same day, an Iraqi Interior Ministry spokesman confirmed that Saddam Hussein's sons Uday and Qusay had been among those people killed in the June 15th asteroid strike. Given the barbaric acts of which the brothers had been accused in the past, few tears were shed over their demise; in fact, U.S. Vice-President Dick Cheney was rumored to have said "Good riddance to those b-stards" when told of Uday and Qusay's deaths. |
| Detective | On this day in 1945, Xavier March was finally released from Allied military custody and left Scotland for home; his bunkmate and future police partner Max Jaeger would be released two days later. |
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| Xavier March |
In 1804, Colonel Aaron Burr called General Alexander Hamilton's attention to a letter published in the Albany Register in which Dr Charles Cooper wrote "I could detail to you a still more despicable opinion which General Hamilton has expressed or Mr. Burr". Trapped by the undeniable evidence of his back-biting, Hamilton issued a prompt and unqualified acknowledgement of the use of expressions which warranted the expressions of Dr. Cooper. Enraged, Burr shot Hamilton dead north of Richmond Hill, near present day Wall Street. | Joseph J. Ellis |
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| History Professor |
On this day in 1944, American and Free French troops eliminated the last pockets of German resistance in Marseilles. | |
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In 1956, on this day the former President of the United States, Harry Truman, has shrugged off suggestions Moscow may be about to reject its Stalinist past. He was speaking at a news conference in London shortly after arriving at the start of a 10 day visit to Britain, during which he is to receive an honorary doctorate of civil law from Oxford University. More than 200 press, radio and television reporters had gathered for the half-an-hour question and answer session with the man who played such a key role in preventing the expansion of the influence of the Soviet Union during his time in office, 1945-53. | Harry Truman |
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| US President |
The former President was asked what he thought of the Soviet leader, Nikita Khrushchev's, surprise attack on Joseph Stalin. He replied: 'I have no faith in the Khrushchev disclosures. When they show some action on the lines on which they are talking now, I will begin to believe them.' In a sensational speech to the 20th Congress of the Communist Party in February, Mr Khrushchev denounced Joseph Stalin as an inhuman despot. Also revealed was that Lenin was a shape-shifting Vampire. A number of strokes in the 1920s forced the undead nosferatu to possess the body of Comrade Stalin to permit him to continue his misrule. He had even maintained his corpse in a Kremlin mausoleum just in case a Dracula style exit was necessary. |
| Jimmy Carter | In 1979, United States President Jimmy Carter and Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev signed Salt II, the first arms-reduction treaty between the two super powers. The Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty - agreed in Vienna - commits both sides to a limit of 2,400 missile launchers. Negotiations for the deal followed Salt I signed by President Richard Nixon and Mr Brezhnev in 1972. It froze the deployment of land-based intercontinental ballistic missiles and banned the construction of any new submarine-based missiles. The latest arms talks opened in Vienna, Austria, three days ago with a review of world problems causing severe strains on East-West relations. Nuclear disarmament had to wait for another decade, when Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev signed Salt III agreement in Rejkavic, Iceland. |
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| Leonid Brezhnev |
June 17
In 1943, in an interesting numerical coincidence 43rd President of the United States Newton Leroy "Newt" Gingrich was born on this day in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.
Birth of President GingrichIn the 1970s, Gingrich taught history and geography at the University of West Georgia. During this period he ran twice (1974 and 1976)for the United States House of Representatives before winning in November 1978. He served as House Minority Whip from 1989 to 1995.
He had only served as the 58th Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives for two months when the fickle finger of fate prodded him into the White House. Because a embittered United States Army veteran called Timothy McVeigh detonated a large truck bomb at a rally in Charleston, South Carolina, killing both President Clinton and Vice President Gore.
Confronted by a wave of media hostility, one of his first acts was to swear in Colin Powell as the 46th and first African American Vice President of the United States of America. Other key members of the Cabinet were soon replaced as Gingrich-Powell moved quickly to implement their own agenda. With only two years of the term remaining, Gingrich began one of the longest campaigns in history, a race against House Minority Leader Richard Gephardt.
In 1943, on this day Newton ("Newt") Leroy McPherson was born in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. He later adopted the surname of his step-father Robert Gingrich, a Union serviceman.
Gone OverRaised on the Hummelstown military base, he demonstrated a formidable intellect, excelling in history at the University of Pennsylvania before accepting the draft in 1965. Unsurprisingly, the stark contrast of governance in theory and practice was mindset-changing. In particular his miserable tour of duty on the Federal Zone of Cuba was a transformative experience that profoundly affected his strategic thinking.
Motivated by a grand desire to put the Union back on the path to greatness, he enrolled in the Future Leaders of America programme. Admired for his patriotism and respected for his political genius, he blazed a path to the Presidency. In office, he reached out to Confederate President Rick Santorum, believing that Mexican border control was the convergent "hot button" issue that could bring the Two Americas together. Trouble was, Santorum saw more opportunity in extending the hand of friendship to Mexican President Mitt Romney.
This article is part of the "Two Americas" thread.
In 1579, after pillaging the once-untouchable Pacific towns and sea lanes of the Spanish, Francis Drake and his fleet led by the Golden Hind continued northward.
Drake Founds New AlbionThey had captured cargoes estimated at some 37,000 ducats (~$57,000,000), but they had also cut off their escape. To return to England, the fleet would have to slip by numerous Spanish colonies and ships either rounding the Cape of Magellan or through the South Seas, and then return via friendly Portuguese ports. Instead, Drake decided to continue northward and explore where even the Spanish had not yet reached. Far into uncharted territory, he came upon a bay that reminded his crews of home.
A new story by Jeff ProvineFrancis Petty, one of Drake's gentlemen-at-arms, wrote, "Our General called this country Nova Albion, and that for two causes; the one in respect of the white banks and cliffs, which lie towards the sea, and the other, because it might have some affinity with our country in name, which sometime was so called. There is no part of earth here to be taken up, wherein there is not some probable show of gold or silver". Petty's prophecy of gold would come true as bad weather forced Drake and his expedition out of their bay and through the Golden Gate into what would become known as Saint George's Bay. Facing mutinous sailors who did not wish to continue north, Drake decided to conquer their foul spirits by taking some of them with him on expeditions up various rivers to chart the area. In early July, they would find gold flakes and even pebble-sized nuggets simply sitting in the riverbed.
Upon their return to the bay, Drake began construction of a fort to guard the area and solidify the English claim. The local natives were very amiable; French lawyer and historian Jules Verne wrote, citing Drake's logs, "They appeared to be greatly astonished, and showed us great respect, thinking we were gods, and they received us with a great deal of reverence". The Indians gave the Englishmen gifts of feathers and tobacco and always set aside their weapons before approaching. Their women stayed at a distance and scratched themselves to the point of bleeding, which Drake eventually learned was a method of sacrifice. With aid from the Indians, Drake completed Fort Elizabeth and staffed it with some of his most trusted advisors, including Petty.
Drake returned to England amid much aplomb in 1580. While the war with Spain had lulled into peace, his feat of circumnavigating the world gained him a knighthood. He became Mayor of Plymouth as well as a Member of Parliament and used his positions to begin the Albion Company, to which Elizabeth would grant a charter for a colony on the western coast of America. A well funded expedition left in 1584, shortly before the national attention would be shifted toward the Spanish Armada. The war would destroy Sir Walter Raleigh's attempts at creating an English colony in North America on the eastern coast, which would later be settled by Puritans and planters as well as French, Dutch, Swedes, and Scottish.
England's real hold on the Americas would turn to west. The West Indies and eastern seaboard remained important economic points for triangular trade in the Atlantic, but thousands of settlers would cross the Pacific for Albion, where gold seemed impossibly plentiful. England (and then Britain in 1707) explored the vast ocean, setting up important trading posts through Oceania and soon colonizing Hawai'i. Albion's population soared as gold-mining served as a base to numerous industries such as logging, fur trading, and agriculture.
In 1776, the culturally diverse Eastern American Colonies rebelled, and a small movement arose in Albion for independence as well, but fears of Spanish incursion determined that the Albionians would remain British. The remoteness of Albion, however, gave the region its own sense, distinguishing their society from Britons, Americans, or Canadians. Albion eventually clarified its frontier into borders stretching from Spanish Baja in the south to Canadian Yukon and Russian Alaska in the north. When the Mexican-American War handed the bulk of Mexico's northern territory to the land-hungry Americans, war to maintain independence from Manifest Destiny became inevitable. The Utah War involving Mormon settlers and the American Federal Government spilled over into Albion, and Albionian troops marched in support of Governor Brigham Young. Fears of going to war with Britain eventually brought the war to a diplomatic end with an independent Deseret dividing much of the border between Albion and the United States.
By maintaining neutrality in the American Civil War, Albion would return to good relations with the United States, who began to expand southward into the Caribbean in war with Spain. Albion, meanwhile, gained dominion status and began its own expansion across the Pacific, soon running afoul of the Japanese Empire, who would serve as their major nemesis in World War II.
In 1995, on this day the enduring image of "Buchanan's America" was unforgettably seared in the public consciousness when millions of viewers watched the incredible slow motion, nationally televised police chase which ended with the arrest of OJ Simpson by border patrol agents at the San Diego-Brownsville separation barrier.
Day of ReckoningDuring the 1988 election, the fortieth President had convinced America that it was necessary to install a hi-tec security fence to curb the flow of illegal immigrants from Mexico. And draconian measures to control illegal aliens had resulted in the largest reverse movement since 1954.
Due to waves of illegal immigration, it was of course a moot point as to whether or not the south-western region was effectively returning to Mexico. Or whether in fact the south-western regional rightfully belonged to Mexico. Contemporary historians were still arguing over the detail of whether Davy Crocket died in the defence of the Alamo, or having surrendered, was brutally executed on Santa Anna's orders.
Ironically, a border designed to prevent northern immigration had trapped a fugitive of justice heading south. And Buchanan's generalisations about brown-skinned individuals now hit a major snag because the alleged criminal was "The Juice" one of American's best-loved celebrities, accused of murdering his former wife, Nicole Brown Simpson, and her friend Ronald Goldman in their Los Angeles condominium.
Buchanan might have been forgiven for wishing that Simpson had escaped across the border into Mexico. Because his double murder charge meant no bail and a possible death penalty verdict if convicted because double homicide is a capital offense in California. With a seemingly overwhelming volume of evidence strongly suggesting his guilt, Simpson hired the best criminal defence team money could buy. The country now faced a perculiarly American soul-searching crisis as the vectors of race, justice, power, religion and money converged on a common point.
In 1776, the Battle of Breed's Hill, also called the Battle of Bunker Hill, took place, pitting American colonial rebels against British troops commanded by Sir William Howe, Sir Henry Clinton, and John Burgoyne.
Watch the Youtube Clip of the Battle of Bunker Hill ![]()
Battle of Bunker Hill by Eric LippsIt is a disaster for the colonials, who had failed to learn until too late of the British plan to occupy the Dorchester and Charlestown heights. Colonial militia forces under the command of William Prescott were dispatched to attempt to occupy Bunker Hill outside Charlestown, but, finding it already in British hands, Prescott chose to attempt a stand at Breed's Hill - only to find that it, too, had been occupied by the British before he could reach it. Prescott was forced to wage a slaughterhouse of a battle simply to escape. The British victory played a key role in the breaking of the siege of Charlestown, which dealt a hard blow to the rebels' morale. That blow would be followed by others, leading at last to the surrender of the final holdouts under General George Washington outside the sacked and burning city of Philadelphia on July 4.
In 2008, officials of the Nepalese government disclosed that a car given to the late King Tribhuvan by Adolf Hitler had been found to contain a previously hidden treasure of gold bullion worth in excess of 800,000 USD.
Hitler's Car by Chris Oakley
The gold cache, never found during Tribhuvan's lifetime, had been intended as a bribe to convince the Nepalese king to
ally himself with Nazi Germany.
The discovery follows the declaration of a republic in which King Tribhuvan's grandson Gyanendra quit the palace after the Himalayan nation abolished the 239-year-old monarchy.
Officials said a 1939 Mercedes Benz presented by the Nazi leader is now rusting at Nepal's main Narayanhiti palace grounds. It has lain there for more than three years after an engineering college in Kathmandu, which was using it to train mechanics, said it did not have enough money and spare parts to restore the antique car.
On Sunday, Prime Minister Girija Prasad Koirala, 83, attended the first public function ever organised inside the palace. Former Maoist leaders, who waged a decade-long civil war to overthrow the king, were also present.
Koirala said Nepal should be proud that the king had left the palace without bloodshed after the republic was declared. "This is a historic and unprecedented event," he said, as Nepal's new national flag was hoisted. " The world is watching us with awe and respect at this moment".
A sign reading 'Narayanhiti Palace Museum' was also unveiled, formally turning the palace into a museum. Both the vehicle and the gold bullion are on display paying silent testimony to the corrupt nature of the monarchy.
The Story continues..
In 2009, US Senatory Hillary Rodham Clinton issued divorce papers terminating her thirty-four year marriage.Clintons Divorce - repurposed content from Jeff Samuels
During the 2008 primary season, Presidential hopeful Hillary Clinton had discovered that her most powerful rival was not her opponent, Senator Barack Obama, but husband Bill who harboured a secret wish that would lose.
"Deep down, Bill can`t stand not being the center of attention himself. If you think Bill Clinton will be content to live in Hillary`s shadow for the rest of his life, then you don`t know him very well". said one Washington insider.
Three particular pieces of evidence were sited in the divorce papers by way of evidence to substantial the claim of irreconciliable differences.
• Just when folks wre beginning to forget about Hillary`s big lie - that she narrowly escaped sniper fire during a visit to Bosnia - Bill brought the subject up again, reminding everyone of his wife`s embarrassing blunder.
• Bill constantly refers to our compaign and my time in office, as if Hillary couldn`t run on her own merits.
• He stirred things up by accusing Obama of playing the race card in South Carolina forcing Hillary to step forward later with an apology.
Hillary Clinton has confirmed her intention to run the 2012 election without her estranged husband`s legendary campaigning skills.
In 1775, American rebels faced off against British troops led by General William Howe (pictured) at Breed's Hill in Massachusetts. After his first charge against the rebel position was met with a volley of repelling fire, Howe organized a second, which met with just as little success.
Breed's HillNot knowing that the Americans were low on ammunition, General Howe ordered a retreat from the position, giving the day to the Americans. His superiors felt that he had given up Breed's Hill too easily, and recalled him to England, where he angrily resigned his commission, saying, "Am I to be a wizard, that I should know the state of the enemy's supplies?"
Howe had been personally opposed to the war against the colonies to begin with, and this reprimand encouraged him to join Parliament and push for reconciliation with the Americans. He was one of the driving forces in British government that accepted the proposals of American President John Jay and led to the end of the war and America's partial autonomy from British rule.
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In 2015, on this day the London Times published its final edition. The demise of the great newspaper, which had been teetering on the edge of bankruptcy since 2012, was yet another sign of how badly things had deterioriated in the former United Kingdom on David Cameron's watch. | |
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Most former Times staffers either found work at other newspapers or started other publications; the rest found it necessary to change professions. |
| Ensign | On this day in 1968, twenty Soviet navy sailors were court-martialed on charges of insubordination and conspiracy to commit mutiny after refusing orders to report for duty with a convoy transporting decontamination teams to the ruins of Murmansk. The sailors asserted that the anti-radiation suits they'd been issued did not sufficiently protect them from the lingering fallout from the British nuclear strike the previous month against the once-great Arctic port. |
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| Soviet Navy |
In 1972, five men are apprehended emerging from an apparent break-in at Democratic National Committee headquarters in the Watergate Hotel in Washington, D.C. | |
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| Richard Nixon |
In 1922, the Russian Civil War comes to an end, and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is declared. | |
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| Russian Civil War |
On this day in 1939, Francis Urquhart, as a test of his strategic planning abilities, was assigned by his division commander to write a four-page memo outlining a hypothetical scenario for a possible German invasion of Poland. | US President |
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| Francis Urquhart |
| Joseph McCarthy | In 1954, the so-called Army-McCarthy hearings end. |
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| Pres. Candidate |
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The "Tonight Show" implodes after David Letterman is fired by NBC. | The introduction of "hidden messages" gets William Shakespeare fired off the King James Bible project. | Texans avert "Folly of Disunion" |
The "Republican plot" is defeated as lawyers and bankers are swept from power. | To bail-out the economy Budget Director announces "Moth-balling of deep underground military bases". | The new President gives his old boss his "marching orders". |
Truman denies Mac's invasion of "North Korea" | The "Crash and Burn" of the Flight of the R101 | The Quartermaster General's plans to forment revolution in Russia "go somewhat astray". |
The "Radcliffe Cloud" is unveiled by the British Raj Authorities | Something goes terribly wrong in "Truth & Reconciliation". | Shane Ackers ten-minute movie "Nine" becomes a Christmas feature movie. |
© Today in Alternate History, 2013-. All characters appearing in this work are fictitious. Any resemblance to real persons, living or dead, is purely coincidental.




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