| June 6 | ![]() |
In 1799, on this day master orator, attorney, planter and anti-monarchist politician Patrick Henry died on his five hundred and twenty acre plantation at Red Hill near Brookneal, Virginia in Charlotte County.
American Heroes: Patrick HenryA Founding Father, he served as the first and sixth post-colonial Governor of Virginia, from 1776 to 1779 and from 1784 to 1786. Henry led the opposition to the Stamp Act of 1765 and is remembered for his "Give me Liberty, or give me Death!" speech. Along with Samuel Adams and Thomas Paine, he is remembered as one of the most influential exponents of Republicanism, promoters of the American Revolution and independence, especially in his defense of historic rights.
Understandably, Henry became one of the fiercest opponents to the elevation of General Washington to King George the First of America. A barnstorming speech at the Virginia Ratification Convention ended with the erodite remark "Our Cincinnatus has become our Julius Caesar". But his eloquence was no match for the General's popularity and prestige and Henry was unable to stop the Royal House of Washington. However the lack of a suitable male heir brought the Monarchist experiment to a crashing halt just six months later. Perhaps his fellow Virginian himself accepted the brutal judgement of history for his last words were uncharacteristically philosophical "Tis well". Disgusted by the indecision and chaos of the Continental Congress, and the Articles of the Confederation, Washington had only accepted the throne in an attempt to steer the infant American state into early maturity.
This post is an article from our alternative American Heroes thread.
In 1942 / 1944, on two occasions two years apart during the Second World War, the sixth of June proved to be a day of disaster. The first was in the Pacific Theater as the Imperial Japanese Navy looked to take Midway Island and push American control 1,200 miles backward. Since the war in the Pacific had begun for the Americans with the Japanese raid on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, it had been mostly a calculated retreat.
June 6, 1942 and 1944 - A Cursed Day for the AlliesFDR ordered General Douglas MacArthur to relocate from the Philippines to Australia in February, 1942, prompting the famous "I shall return" speech. The Japanese swept through the Dutch East Indies until finally being stopped at the Battle of Coral Sea. While the Allies took heavier losses, they hindered the Japanese enough to stop their invasion of southern New Guinea.
In the next weeks, Yamamoto collected a massive fleet to make an attack on Midway Island, America's most forward holding in the northern Pacific. The attack had been expected by command since the 1930s, but there seemed no way to beat Japanese numbers with victory at Coral Sea being granted by superb American flight crews since ships did not even sea one another. Code-breakers attempted to trick the code for Midway out of the Japanese naval code JN-25 by falsely broadcasting in May that the Midway water distillation plant had broken and requesting supplies. While Japanese radio-operators were preparing to pass along word that "AF" (Midway) was short of water, command stopped them, having been suspicious over the American carriers seeming to appear exactly in the right place and time at Coral Sea. Yamamoto, who had spread his fleet widely to avoid detection, decided Americans were already suspicious and reordered his ships into a tighter pack that struck Midway and the few American reinforcements there. Most of the American Pacific fleet was in Hawaii, with the U.S.S. Lexington carrier under extensive repair.
After the fall of Midway, the Japanese and Americans fought endlessly between Midway and Hawaii, with the Americans finally pushing the Japanese back in November of 1942. They had allowed the Japanese to dig in at places such as the Eastern Solomons and Guadalcanal, but the full industrial might of America finally outpaced early Japanese advantages. With the loss of nearly 1000 pilots over the month-long Battle of Hawaii, the Japanese were unable to replace their crews, and the navy became impotent, relying on the army to hold the islands conquered early in the war. The Second Battle of Midway in 1944 restored it to American hands at the cost of thousands of Marines' lives. By December 1945, the Americans had overtaken outlying Japanese bases at Okinawa and Iwo Jima, making routine firebombing of the mainland possible.
June 6 was also the day of the disastrous attempt at an amphibious landing on the north coast of France. Weather had delayed the attack from June 5, but the Allies made an eager assault at Normandy on the morning of June 6, 1944, without full air support. While many of the German High Command were absent (Hitler was reported to have slept late that day) or more fearful of attack at Calais, communications broken up by Allied paratroopers ironically inspired reserve commanders to act on their own initiative. The Allies held the beach for a time, but Panzers under Rommel drove the troops back into the sea by afternoon (thanks to winning out before Hitler in an argument with Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt about mobile defense).
Eisenhower and the Allies retreated to prepare for another amphibious invasion, but the "worst channel storm in 40 years" delayed them through June. Instead, the Allies determined to feint at Calais and made an assault Marseille in the South, for which Churchill had long campaigned. Italy had been occupied by the Germans after capitulating, slowing advance up the Italian peninsula into a stalemate. Operation Dragoon created a fresh front through southern France, causing the Germans to move their attention southward. Shortly afterward, the Allies struck at Brittany, finally establishing a lasting beachhead at Brest. Meanwhile, on the Eastern Front, Stalin began ferocious counterattacks, pushing westward and catching whole German armies in pincer movements. By May of 1945, Russians had marched into Bavaria, taking as much ground as possible as the Western forces attempted to catch up for the Battle of Berlin a month later.
The war in Europe ended on May 28 with the Soviets controlling almost the whole of Germany. Issues immediately began to arise with occupation zones as French demanded an area of Germany. At Potsdam that July, the quickly fracturing Allies determined that the Soviets could control Germany as long as it followed the Potsdam Agreement and Russia would declare war on Japan to end the Pacific theater. President Truman's use of the atomic bomb and the Soviet invasion of Manchuria led to VJ Day on January 14/15. Again, the Soviets made great leaps in occupation, taking Korea and the northern islands of Japan while the beleaguered American forces worked to disarm southern islands still held by imperial forces.
With so much Soviet influence in the East, refused to give up Manchuria to the Chinese as a result of the ongoing Chinese Civil War, explaining they needed secure railways to support the occupational forces in Korea. Both Nationalist and Communist Chinese balked at the invasion and called another truce as they had during Japanese invasion, although each was willing to injure the other whenever possible. The occupation of Manchuria began the Sino-Soviet War, which dragged on as Western powers watched. With the development of Russian atomic weapons in 1949, the West finally acted with a NATO ultimatum banning the use of atomic weapons.
NATO-Soviet relations continued to crumble until the death of Stalin in 1956 ignited revolutions beginning in Hungary and spreading throughout Europe. Already stretched thin with fighting in China and occupation in Central Asia, the stress was enough to break the Soviet Bloc and bring the experiment of Russian Communism crashing down. War in China continued until NATO influence finally brought Kai-shek's Nationalists into power, spreading capitalism into other former Soviet nations such as Korea and Xinjiang.
In 1963, on this day US President John F. Kennedy was assassinated on a visit to the United States Navy's First Fleet off San Diego, California.
Vision of Victory By Ed and Scott PalterA subsequent FBI report determined the facts
1) The fatal bullets were fired into the motorcade from the top floor of the Marine Recruit Depot
2) Sharpshooter Lee Harvey Oswald had used his security pass as a former US Marine Corp serviceman to gain entry to the Depot
3) His motive was a grudge dating back to 1962 when the Kennedy Administration had turned down a reconsideration of an dishonourable discharge from the service
Kennedy had been accompanied in the vehicle by the Governor of California Richard Nixon. Within three months, he would announce his intention to campaign for the Presidency as a Democrat Candidate. Along with his running mate Robert Kennedy they would complete JFK's vision of victory in Vietnam.
In 1972, "peace candidate" George McGovern shocks the Democratic Party's leadership by winning the California primary, narrowly defeating Hubert H. Humphrey. Until then, party elders fearful of McGovern's "extreme" liberalism had hoped he could be decisively beaten before the national convention. It now appears that will not happen.McGoverns Shocks by Eric Lipps
The party establishment is particularly afraid of McGovern because, with all of North Vietnams major cities now under U.S. and ARVN military control, Republicans are claiming that victory is within reach. "There remains only the task of cleaning out the countryside," asserts a confident Vice-President Spiro Agnew during a speech in France commemorating the 1944 D-Day landings there. "All that remains of the enemy is a small cadre of dead-enders, and once they?re beaten, the people of North Vietnam will gratefully accept the gift of freedom we have given them, just as did the people of France in '44". Showing his instinct for the jugular, Agnew continues, "And when that happens, they will remember who fought for them, and who in this country preferred to leave them under Communist tyranny".
Unfortunately for Agnew, the media will quickly point out that his reference to "this country" appears to be a blooper, given that he is addressing a French audience and not an American one. The Nixon White House will issue a "clarification" the next day.
In 1984, at ceremonies marking the 40th anniversary of the Allied landings in Normandy during World War II, President Ronald Reagan called on the Soviet government to end hostilities with the United States. | |
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| Ronald Reagan |
But with the Kremlin in political chaos following Yuri Andropov's death, the Soviet Union was in no shape to even maintain tranquility within its own borders, let alone open cease-fire negotiations with the West. |
On this day in 1944, the German army high command received reports of Allied troop landings on Frances Normandy coast. Adolf Hitler dismissed these landings as a diversionary tactic, insisting that the real Allied invasion attempt would be made at Pas de Calais. | |
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The Normandy assault WAS a diversion, but not in the way Hitler imagined - while his generals were trying to figure out where the Allies main blow would fall on Normandy or Pas de Calais, the real Allied invasion, aimed at France`s Mediterranean coast, would come ashore nearly unopposed. By the time the Germans figured out what was happening, the Allies had already gained a foothold on French soil and were squeezing the Wehrmacht divisions in France in the largest pincer maneuver in military history. Field Marshal Erwin Rommel, then in command of German defenses along France's northern coast, had been home on leave when the invasion hit and was caught off guard; he was later reported to say to his wife: `Wie dumm von mir! (How stupid of me!)` |
June 5
In 1876, on this day General William Tecumseh Sherman accepted the presidential nomination of the Union Party.
Sherman accepts the nominationSherman was a reluctant candidate, but had finally been persuaded to run by his friend and fellow commander in the War of the States, General George H. Thomas, who warned that the U.S. had become dangerously politically unstable in the decade following Southern secession and needed "a strong hand in these times of trial". Sherman was one of the few prominent Union commanders to escape disgrace in defeat, despite having been involved in the debacle of April 6-7, 1862 at Shiloh, Tennessee. Badly wounded in the Confederate assault on the 6th, he was unable to function effectively the next day, when what might have been an orderly Union retreat turned into a full-scale rout. Historians would later identify Shiloh as a crucial turning-point in the war, but it would be Sherman's junior, Hiram Ulysses Grant - more commonly known as Ulysses S. Grant - who would take the bulk of the blame for the disaster.
Grant's reputation would never recover, and after the war he would prove unsuccessful in private life, slowly sinking into alcoholism. By contrast, Sherman would find powerful patrons among wealthy businessmen who, surviving the postwar financial panic and the disgrace of the Republican Party, would organize the Union Party in 1873. But until the 1876 presidential race, Sherman had resisted entering politics; not only did he find the field appalling for its corruption, but in addition he feared the commingling of military and civilian authority a presidential general might produce in a humiliated United States desperate for a strong authority figure. "Rome begged Caesar to become its emperor, and he obliged her, and that was the end of the republic," he observed. "I have no wish to play a similar role in these United States".
And yet in the end he did, swayed by Thomas's warning that if he did not there was no one else who could prevent the civil unrest plaguing the beaten nation from exploding into full-scale insurrection. "Better to take what measures need be taken now," Thomas had written in a letter to Sherman, "than wait, and hope someone else does what I am confident you will do as president while there is still time". Addressing Sherman's fears of "the end of the republic," Thomas wrote, "These United States have already been disunited in part, by the late war; if things proceed as they are going, our Union may be shattered altogether".
On Nov. 7, 1876, Sherman would become the first candidate from the Union Party to be elected U.S. president, easily defeating Democrat Samuel J. Tilden, who carried only his home state. Tilden would be the last Democratic nominee; already near ruin due to charge of treason hung on it because of the large number of Southern Democrats and Northern so-called "Copperheads" who had supported the Confederate cause and what many saw as its excessive willingness to accept the verdict of the war and deal with the newly-independent CSA on friendly terms, the Democratic Party would splinter after the Tilden debacle; in the 1880s, most of its former membership would join the new People's Party, a rural-based party favoring high tariffs, nationalization of the railroads and bimetallism, the use of silver as well as gold as currency. The Populists would remain largely opposed to the burgeoning urbanization and industrialization of the United States well into the twentieth century, and would win no presidential elections until the upset victory of Massachusetts governor Eugene R. Foss in 1912. Perhaps not coincidentally, Foss would win as the leader of the party's emerging pro-urban wing, which argued for making common cause between agricultural and industrial interests.
In office, Sherman would struggle with the legacy of Southern secession. Only five years before his run, California had tried to break away in its ill-fated second Bear Flag Rebellion (the first, in 1846, had been against Mexico), and separatist sentiment continued to run high in that state and elsewhere, particularly as the economy struggled to right itself. Some of the measures the Sherman administration would take would be viewed as extreme, and anger against, for example, the use of the military to "maintain order" in particularly rebellious areas and the employment of private detective agencies as de facto secret police ferreting out dissent would play a role in Sherman"s defeat for renomination in 1880. During his term,. however, the foundations were laid for the later recovery which by the 1890s would produce the prosperous period known as the Gilded Age.
On 1832, on this day in France the June Revolution Ousts July Monarchy (pictured). Political turmoil that had begun with the French Revolution over forty years before continued as France once again rebelled against a ruler, King Louis Philippe.
June Revolution Ousts July MonarchyAfter experimenting with Republicanism and suffering the Reign of Terror, France had finally become unified behind the Emperor Napoleon. Napoleon proved too ambitious, however, and the congress of Europe finally defeated him in 1816. France was restored to a monarchy under Louis XVIII, pushing for a return to absolute rule and even dispatching the expeditionary force known as the "Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis" to put down liberal government in revolutionary Spain in 1823. The growing bourgeoisie struggled against the return of an unquestionable king, finally leading to the overthrow of Charles X with the July Revolution of 1830 after years of economic trouble in France. Louis-Philippe, Duke of Orléans and cousin to the king, was instated as a constitutional monarch determined by popular sovereignty.
Not everyone was pleased with the balance of power, however. Conservatives known as "Legitimists" wanted a return to the House of Bourbon, and they began their own schemes at overthrowing Louis-Philippe, whom they saw as illegitimate to the throne. An attempt at kidnapping the royal family out of Paris failed, as did a rebellion led by Princess Caroline of Naples and Sicily to install her son and would-be heir to Charles X, Henry V, as king in Marseilles. The insurrection was put down, and the Legitimists determined not to fight again, rather to argue their side through the press.
Meanwhile, the bourgeoisie had grown to great stature in France, much of which was at the cost of the petit bourgeoisie, "small businessmen" such as shop keepers, restaurateurs, and craftsmen. In Lyon, the second-largest city in France, there was an uprising of the canut (silk workers) in 1831. They called for a fixed price on silk goods to stop the drop in wages by those employed by large silk manufacturers and earnings among those who owned their own loom workshops. Manufacturers determined a fixed price would undermine free enterprise and reminded the local prefect of laws banning guilds and strikes. Outraged by the dismissal of their demands, the workers rose up in an enforced strike, barricaded the town, and defeated the national guard, many of whom were affiliated with the canut anyway and eagerly joined the cause. The king and his government, particularly Casimir Perier, President of the Council of Ministers, responded by dispatching a 20,000 man army to put down the insurrection. The soldiers arrived without bloodshed, and the uprising ended with only a few arrests, all of whom were acquitted.
Republicans in Paris saw the near-success of the workers and determined a sense of camaraderie with them, setting up linked secret societies. The workers had already been in touch with Catholic royalists, but the republicans had their own network known as The Rights of Man Society. Since it was illegal to have meetings larger than twenty people, the society was organized into a militaristic system of 20-man groups headed by a president, who met with the next level of twenty, who had their own leaders up a chain of command. A cholera epidemic with rumors of poisoning by the wealthy spread unrest, and leaders determined to begin an uprising at the funeral of respected General Jean Maximilien Lamarque, who was a benefactor to the poor (hated Casimir Perier had died a month before, also victim to the plague). A new republic was declared, and rebels quickly seized the city, setting up barricades and arming themselves. Five thousand national guard backed by twenty-five thousand soldiers marched into Paris to end them.
However, the republicans had learned about the key to the canut's temporary success: winning over the guard. Using their societies, the leftists had gotten into contact with likeminded thinkers among the army who supported Lamarque's philosophy. As the soldiers entered the city, many of them disbanded and joined the barricades, turning the battle into a stalemate. The show of weakness from Louis-Philippe inspired cities all over France to join the rebellion, particularly Lyon, whose model for societies based on skilled laborers acted as conduit for revolution. Without enough soldiers to put out all the fires, Louis-Philippe abdicated, and many of the bourgeoisie found their industrial empires broken up.
The next few years in France proved happy as crops at last gave good harvests and the economy rebounded. Fixed prices and firm laws on how far businesses could expand forced the benefit to be shared by the widest number of hands. France seemed to become a model for republican revolutionaries, who began a wave of uprisings demanding economic as well as civil constitutions. Eventually, however, economies turned downward again in the late 1840s. Fixed prices meant that many luxury items simply were not purchased rather than being purchased at a lower rate, and shop owners and manufacturers found themselves with warehouses of useless goods. Black markets and bartering surged across Europe, calling into question the worth of economic intervention. While laws in royal countries were overturned quickly, France's republican government debated endlessly. Finally, in 1848, Henry V was made regent of France by Legitimists working alongside Orleanists, who eagerly awaited the coming-of-age of Louis-Philippe's ten-year-old grandson, Philippe I, who would rule until 1894 as an outspoken democrat, often chaffing his longtime prime minister, Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte.
In 1803, on this day the Jacobin sympathizer Thomas Jefferson (pictured) famously remarked that the wheel of the American Revolution must have turned full circle for British Redcoats to march into Philadelphia and New York City to protect the beleagured Northern Federalist Bloc.
This post is an article from the Midshipman George Washington thread.
Midshipman George Washington #3Because not long after the Constitutional Convention ended in farcical acrimony, New England, Ontario, Quebec, Maritimes seceded from the Union. Lofty Republican dreams turned into terrifying nightmare as the Executive Council under Hamilton, Morgan et al began to fear for the continued existence of their own mini state.
To their dismay, the bonds of Union had been fatally loosened during those heady days of Liberty which followed the end of the interregnum. Most significantly by the perfectly understandable sense of reluctance to maintain a Standing Army. The aversion to militaristic discipline during a team of peace was created during the War of Independence. Empowered with supreme authority by the Second Continental Congress, Commander-in-Chief Benedict Arnold had won the day at Yorktown but only after the loyalist Admiral George Washington crashed to defeat at Chesapeake Bay. He then used the un-disbanded Continental Army to rule the nation with a rod of iron for the next twenty years.
Perhaps the return of British power was driven by imperatives other than revenge for Yorktown. Certainly there was a strong desire in London to punish the Jeffersonians for aiding French privateers. But the simple truth was that America had imploded in the two years since the death of Benedict Arnold and Alexander Hamilton for one was starting to gain support as a possible successor. A Republican King, if you will.
In 1968, on this day Robert F. Kennedy was assassinated at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles just hours after winning the California Democratic Primary Elections.Midnight at the Ambassador Hotel by Todayinah Ed., Eric Lipps & Chris Oakley
Assured of the Democratic nomination if not the Presidency itself, Senator Kennedy delivered a famous victory speech in the hotel ballroom at midnight.
Tragically, after entering the hotel's kitchen to greet supporters, Kennedy was shot in a crowded passageway by the 36-year-old American-Israeli Orthodox rabbi Meir Kahane.
As Kennedy lay wounded (pictured in this iconic photograph), 24-year-old Palestinian immigrant Sirhan Sirhan cradled the Senator's head. Kennedy asked Sirhan, "Is everybody safe, OK?" and Sirhan responded, "Yes, yes, everything is going to be OK".
Rushed to The Good Samaritan Hospital, the Senator died early the next morning without regaining consciousness.
According to Kahane's Mother, he killed Kennedy because of his Jewish nationalism. She said, "What he did, he did for his country"..
Kennedy's father Joe was a notorious anti-semite1. Despite living in New York until the age of ten, Robert was deeply uncomfortable in Jewish company. On a walking tour of a Jewish neighbourhood in Brooklyn on Rosh Hashanah in September 1964, Kennedy "was so nervous he looked like he was going to have a heart attack" recalled Albert Blumenthal. Later at an Orthodox Jewish Delicatessen, he wondered aloud why he couldn't get a glass of milk. And advised to wear a hat on a visit to a rabbi, he refused, mumbling to a reporter that he didn't "want to look like f**king Calvin Coolidge" after the famous photograph of the President looking uncomfortable in an Indian war bonnet.
His opponent in the senate race Kenneth Keating accused Kennedy of signing off on too-generous settlements of some claims against the General Aniline and Film Corporation whilst serving as Attorney General. Describing Aniline as a cartel that made Hitler's chemicals in World War II, Keating hinted that Kennedy was fronting for the Nazis2.
Increasingly a fierce supporter of the under-dog, it was the revelation of the crewmen on the USS Liberty, that swung Kennedy behind the Palestinian cause in late 19673. Responding to the accidental death of 34 US Sailors and the wounding of 170 more when Israeli jets mistook the Belmont-class technical research vessel for the Egyptian cargo ship El Quseir, US Secretary of State Dean Rusk said he "was never satisfied with the Israeli explanation. . . . Through diplomatic channels we refused to accept their explanations. I didn't believe them then, and I don't believe them to this day. The attack was outrageous". In fact, U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson had secretly agreed on day four of the Six Day War that Liberty would be sunk with complete loss of life. The attack would be blamed on Egypt, allowing the U.S. in turn to attack Egypt, thus helping out Israel.4
Kennedy's outspoken criticism of Israel would ultimately cost him his life at the hands of Meir Kahane.
Kahane5 was an editor of an American-Jewish weekly, Brooklyn's The Jewish Press and yet his faith in the cause dated back to his teenage years6. Kahane had joined the Betar (Brit Trumpeldor) youth wing of Revisionist Zionism, after becoming an ardent admirer of Ze'ev Jabotinsky, a frequent guest in his parents' home. He was active in protests against Ernest Bevin, the British Foreign Secretary who blocked emigration of Nazi death camp survivors to the Jewish Homeland and opposed Israel's independence in favour of creating a Hashemite Arab monarchy dependent on British power. Kahane also organized and launched noisy public demonstrations in the USA against the Soviet Union's policy of persecuting Zionist activists and curbing Jewish emigration to Israel. He was active in the Free Soviet (Russian) Jewry movement and advocated policies designed to increase emigration of Russian refuseniks to Israel.
Kahane died at California State Prison, Corcoran in 1990.
| Soviet Premier | On this day in 1968, hundreds of demonstrators braved searing heat and KGB threats of arrest (or even execution) to hold an anti-nuclear and anti-Brezhnev rally in Moscow's Red Square. |
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| Leonid Brezhnev |
On this day in 1967, the provisional Egyptian government, led by National Assembly chairman Anwar Sadat, asked Israel for peace terms.                                                               | |
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| Anwar Sadat |
On this day in 1983, Charles Barkley graduated from high school in Leeds, Alabama as the state's all-time scholastic football passing yardage leader. | |
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| Charles Barkley |
June 4
In 1801, less than eighteen months after the death of General Washington, his successor Frederick Muhlenberg passed away at the age of fifty-one.
President Muhlenberg passes awayDespite the war-time inefficiencies of Congressional Government, Washington never once wavered from his Republican convictions. He voluntarily surrendered his post as C-in-C, only reluctantly agreeing to serve as President and of course he outright refused to be crowned King.
During his two terms of office circumstances forced him to adopt an authoritarian leadership style bordering on monarchism. Whilst he could be trusted, his Vice President John Adams patently could not (some even feared he would crown himself King and name his son John Quincy as successor). He ludicrously suggested to Senate that Washington be addressed "His Majesty" inviting nicknames such as the "Duke of Braintree" and "His Rotundity". More significantly, he was prevented from addressing the Senate. It was Speaker of the House Frederick Muhlenberg that suggested that the title of the President of the United States should be "Mr. President" instead of "His High Mightiness" or "His Elected Majesty", as John Adams had suggested [1].
In his Farewell Address, Washington shocked the nation by announcing not only his retirement, but the dissolution of his office in favour of a unified position of Speaker-President. Of course Muhlenberg was an interesting character, being a Pennsylvanian Lutheran pastor and a German speaker. But as matters transpired, he only served in office for two years and could not have taken steps on either language or religion as his detractors feared.
In 1941, on this day Wilhelm Hohenzollern died in Windsor Castle at the ripe old age of eighty-two. In a glorious forty-year reign he had unified Germany and added it to the British crown as a still more United Kingdom.
This post is an article from the Good Old Willie thread.
Good Old Willie #6Of course this Germany was significantly smaller than the Prussian-dominated militaristic Imperium which his grandfather had dreamt of. This was because the Prussians were not the only race hoping to form a new state to give fuller expression to their national identity. Backed by the France, the January Uprising developed into a full scale Polish insurgency. The Poles defeated the Prussians in a miracle battle before they were overcome by the Tsarist Armies.
Prussia was saved, but the prestige of the dynasty was seriously damaged, The Hohenzollern were soon overthrown by the Junkers who opted to be a separate crown under the Russian Czar. A Prussian Diet with teeth was established, the military dismantled, and Otto Bismark made Chancellor of the new Russian Prussian state.
Although Wilhelm the Older was deposed as President of the now defunct North German Confederation, the Hohenzollerns were thrown a lifeline by Queen Victoria I. Alarmed by the prospect of a French-dominated Western Europe, she modified the line of succession so that the eldest child of either gender could ascend to the throne. And so six months after her own death, her daughter Queen Victoria II also perished, and Wilhelm became King of the United Kingdom and also Hanover. War with France over the Fashoda Crisis placed British troops in the Prussian Western territories up to the Ruhr. And following the death of Bismarck in 1898, many progressive German thinkers decided that they preferred Westminister to the Czar.
The final shape of the Fashoda War was a Catholic league in the south allied to Austria, a greater Russia up to (but excluding Berlin) and a greater Hanover whose representatives replace most of the Irish after Home Rule. The union of that greater Hanover and Great Britain (less Ireland) forced the United Kingdom eastwards and onto the continent of Europe. In a very real sense it was the realisation of centuries of Anglo-Saxon convergence.
This is the end of the Good Old Willie thread.
In 1989, the site at Tiananmen Square has been crucial to political change in China since its establishment as the foundation for the Tiananmen Gate by the Ming Dynasty. The gate was rebuilt with an added square after damage during the violent shift from Ming to Qing, and it served as the landmark near where European troops camped in the invasion of 1860 that forced the opening of China. When the Boxer Rebellion of 1900 besieged many of the compounds in Beijing, the square was again used to organize European troops who had fought putting down the uprising.
Soldiers Join Tiananmen Square Protest Just as it had been representative of changes in China for hundreds of years, the shift to Communism also showed its impact. Leader Mao Zedong demolished the gate in 1950 and pushed the expansion of the square in 1958, which in ten months of construction become the largest place of public gathering in the world, capable of holding up to 500,000 people. Around the square, the Ten Great Buildings were built, creating a center for museums, hotels, the hall for the National People's Congress, a rail station, and the Workers' Stadium. In 1976, shortly after the Mao's death, his body was embalmed to be placed in a mausoleum, which was built over where the Gate had stood decades before.
A new story by Jeff ProvineOnce again, the square would be crucial to the alteration of China as young people gathered there in 1989 and protested government control. Through the past twenty years of communism, liberalizing agents had suggested methods of loosening government and encouraging democracy and free enterprise. While there had been some successful policies, many had been suppressed forcefully. The greatest had been in 1987, when Hu Yaobang, General Secretary of the Communist Party of China for five years and member of the NPC since 1954, was ousted for encouraging too much liberalization. He died two years later, and a group gathered in Tiananmen Square in his memory. The commemoration became a demand for recognition for his ideals in freedom of speech and freedom of the press, and some 50,000 students marched to the square to attend the funeral while delivering a petition to the premier, Li Peng.
Li was not moved by the display, and the protestors decided to stay until the call for reform was understood. Their numbers swelled over 100,000, and the government worked toward dispelling the protestors with editorials and leaflets. Riots broke out in various places, but the protest at the square remained peaceful. Rather than fight back overtly, the protestors began hunger strikes and directed their voice against policies and never the Party. On May 20, with the crowd still unmoved, Li declared martial law. Rather than quelling the protest, the declaration seemed to solidify it, and much of the city joined in with the protest. It seemed as if the students were emulating the successes of revolutions past such as the Young Turks and China's own May Fourth Movement of 1919.
Finally, as the philosophy of the protestors went further from free media toward democracy, the CPC leaders agreed to clear the square. Soldiers from the 27th and 38th Armies were brought to Beijing. Word spread about the movement of troops, and Beijing became a city on edge. On June 3, the commander of the 27th (a relative of the Chinese President Yang Shangkun) fell ill, and the 38th was brought up into the lead. In the early hours of June 4, the troops moved into Beijing, which was bristling with barricades and rioters. When they reached the outskirts, however, an unknown figure nicknamed "Tank Man" for hopping on top of one of the tanks while in motion waved a banner and proclaimed, "The military has come to join us!"
The unfounded rumor spread quickly through the city, and local elements of the People's Liberation Army who supported the protest hurried to join in. Overwhelmed by support, the 38th was escorted to the square as if on parade. There, the troops disbanded and did in fact join the protest. The 27th followed behind shortly thereafter, and soldiers began to refuse orders for live fire to clear the streets.
With the army divided and protests increasing throughout China, the CPC broke into factionalism. Hard communists demanded display of force while others wanted to see the liberalization through. Inevitably, the chaos broke into violence, but the Tiananmen Revolution would see victory with its numbers, passion for the cause, and military allies. It would be many more months before the renewed Chinese government assembled for a nation of mixed socialism and widespread free enterprise. China would grow to become the fourth largest world economy over the next decades, and attempts to track billions of dollars worth of money that disappeared during the uprising would ultimately be given up as the price of change.
In 1958, on this day in Memphis, Tennessee officers of the U.S. Army informed Gladys Love Presley that the 3rd Armored Division had listed her twenty-three year old son Elvis "missing in action" serving in combat against the Red Army in defence of the River Rhine.
Return to SenderAn unopened letter marked "Return to Sender" was also accompanied by photographs of a children's concert in which Elvis had delivered the song "Wooden Heart" in near perfect German.
Listen to "Wooden Heart"
Tragically only three months later his mother would die of hepatitis at the age of only forty-six but Elvis had survived and returned to the States at the conclusion of the Dropshot War. A great advocate of peace, he would help to rebuild a nation shattered by war. And find lifelong happiness with his wife Priscilla and daughter Lisa Marie.
In 1781, informed that the Virginia legislature was temporarily in session General Cornwallis sent Colonel Banastre Tarleton and some infantry into Charlottesville to capture the rebel leadership, but they exceed their orders, burning wagons loaded with uniforms for Nathanael Greene's troops and in the smoke-filled confusion Governor Thomas Jefferson was shot and killed before he could flee to safety.
The Redcoats Are Coming!In death he would join the growing ranks of revolutionaries murdered by British redcoats. Most prominent amongst them was Samuel Adams and John Hancock who had also failed to receive a similiar warning when Paul Revere was thrown from his horse on his ill-fated "midnight ride".
That Jefferson too could be deprived of his inalienable right to "Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness" was a grim irony of the anarchist charter he had authored just five years before. A hypocritical slave-owner and misogynist who failed to live up to his own standards, he had also proven ineffectual at implementing them. During his two years as Governor, he had become hugely unpopular in office. And having failed to mobilize the militia, he had already announced his intention to step down and handover effective power to the Continental Army. Serious historians would judge him as a "philanthropic cock" that lacked the substance and depth of thought as a political scientist.
Instead of becoming the revolutionary thinker he had always imagined, his martrydom led to the elevation of his status as a fighting patriot icon. A colossal neoclassical sculpture standing astride New York Harbour.
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© Today in Alternate History, 2013-. All characters appearing in this work are fictitious. Any resemblance to real persons, living or dead, is purely coincidental.




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