In 1409, Violent Council of Pisa Begins.

March 25, 1409 - Violent Council of Pisa BeginsThe Western Schism had separated the Catholic Church in Europe for over thirty years. As the Middle Ages began to come to a close, the worldly authority of the Church was evident. With the Crusades, the Pope had displayed his ability to exert power over the kings of Europe, who in many ways were subordinate to papal will and arguably commanders for Christendom's armies. Because it was such an important seat of power, the Vatican became fraught with corruption and factional infighting, much of which came from the wealthy families of Italy. In an effort to escape these trappings, the Pope moved to Avignon, France, in 1305. There, however, the corruption grew to a new higher level, and the papacy came under heavy influence from the French king Paul IV, who instigated the destruction of the Knights Templar.

After seventy years, the Papal Curia moved back to Rome under the guidance of Pope Gregory XI. The Italian city-states had organized to shrug off the rule of the Church, and thusly France, and the Church responded by massacring thousands of rebels in Cesena and excommunicating all of Florence. To quell further uprising, the French Pope moved back to Rome to have more direct influence. Two years later, however, Gregory died. The city of Rome rioted, demanding that a Roman be elected pope despite none being eligible. The cardinals finally elected the Neapolitan Urban VI, who had been an effective administrator, but as pope was distrustful and brutal. After five months, disapproving cardinals reconvened and elected a new pope, Clement VII, who returned to Avignon.A new article by Jeff Provine

Europe was thrown into chaos as no one could agree who was the real pope and what to do with the antipope. Royal families became divided, causing wars in Portugal and Castile. When the town of Bruges declared itself a supporter of Avignon, it became partially depopulated as supporters for Rome simply left. The division weighed on Europe even to the point that Charles VI of France suggested that the Avignon pope, whom he supported, to step down. As the fifteenth century dawned, both popes agreed to a meeting but later refused. The cardinals gave up hope and determined to solve the matter.

They convened in the college town of Pisa at the cathedral beside the leaning tower along with 80 bishops, representatives of 100 more, and ambassadors of the kings. Famous universities such as those in Cologne, Paris, and Oxford sent over 300 doctors of theology and cannon law to contribute. Each morning for three days, the meetings opened with a call for the popes to present themselves. The popes did not, and so the testimonies began without them. A group of Germans in support of Rome did appear in April, but their case only caused anger to rise up among those gathered. Two months later, representatives from Avignon appeared as well. Their argument caused laughter to break out among the council, and when the Avignon-supporting Chancellor of Aragon spoke, the Archbishop of Tarragona made a declaration of war.

The people of Pisa heard the rumor of war and misunderstood it to be a declaration of war by the Church against the antipope rather than an ungrounded call-to-arms in Spain. They seized the ambassadors and hauled them up the tower, throwing them to their deaths. The council was shocked, but they determined to finish their business. Antipope Benedict XIII in Avignon took the declaration of war seriously and immediately called upon his supporters to launch a crusade against the Pisans. Not to be outdone, Gregory XII in Rome did the same. The council continued its business with the Patriarch of Alexandria stating, "Benedict XIII and Gregory XII are recognised as schismatics, the approvers and makers of schism, notorious heretics, guilty of perjury and violation of solemn promises, and openly scandalising the universal Church.. to be driven out of the Church". They unanimously elected a new pope, Alexander V, and sent letters to the kings of Europe calling for a crusade to remove both former popes.

Europe became even more divided. War broke out between pro-Avignon Scotland and pro-Rome England, in Portugal, and, especially, among the various cities of the Holy Roman Empire. Emperor Charles IV had died in 1378, and the electors had not yet met due to the Schism. With three popes willing to grant the title, the electors began to tear into one another, backed by France for Pisa, Spain for Avignon, and Poland for Rome. The war became worse as Hussites in Bohemia rebelled after the Pisan pope issued a bull condemning Wycliffism. Sigismund, King of Hungary, worked to suppress the revolt, but his resources proved stretched too thinly to snuff out the movement. The Ottoman Empire, fresh from its own civil war, made great advances in the Balkans while the Christians were divided.

After years of war, an armistice was pronounced, and Europe formally divided. Spain led a coalition of supporters of Avignon (who retreated to Madrid), Rome held Naples and Poland, while the rest of Europe recognized Pisa. Pisa weakened to northern Italy as Protestantism swept northern Europe, limiting Rome's influence to southern Italy, which would never unify with the north again despite a series of small wars attempting to do so in the nineteenth century.

In the sixteenth century, another war of religion would be fought as the Protestants came to the aid of the Huguenots, eventually turning France into a nation without a state-church. England, too, would fall to Protestantism as Calvinists pushed out the influence of the Pisan Church. Eastern Europe, meanwhile, was increasingly swallowed by the Ottomans up to Hussian Bohemia and Orthodox Russia. As the age of empires began, the many different churches of the nations of Europe were spread throughout the world, which became increasingly secular to survive religious disunity.